admin 发表于 2020-6-18 01:22:32

天国人或社会人?

<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><STRONG><FONT size=5>──谈基督徒的公民责任</FONT> </STRONG></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal align=center><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">巴刻</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(J.I. Packer)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">著</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">/</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">朱锦华,魏孝娥,吴鲲生合译</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  基督徒生活中有一椿似非而是的现象:一个人更深关切天堂,他就会更关切上帝的旨意是否行在地上。在今世表现出最大的热忱来服事他人的基督徒,通常就是那些对于另一个世界最有把握的人。无论是牧师、宣教士、政冶家、改革家、企业家、医生、有钱有势之人,或一般的信徒,他们的生活都可证明此事。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>    </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  服事他人是基督徒的第一要务,从对人的服事可以看出基督徒的爱心。公民身分也是一种服务的形式,就像起初大部分的基督徒所领会的。尽管马克斯主义者宣称宗教使人对于世上的需要麻木不仁,我们却发现,那些公民籍设在天上的人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我引用保罗在腓立比书三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的词句</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,他们在任何国家中都是最好的公民,不论在民主国家或极权国家、基督教国家或异教国家、世俗化国家或无神主义国家。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><STRONG>  公众活动参与的圣经基础</STRONG></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  新约圣经十分强调遵守公民义务,且把遵守公民义务视为事奉上帝。当耶稣回答纳税问题时说「该撒的物当归给该撒,上帝的物当归给上帝」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">17)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,这不是巧妙的规避,乃是一清楚的认定:纳所当纳的给执政的政府,是基督徒蒙召的一部分。当彼得说「敬畏上帝,尊敬君王」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">彼前二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">17)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">时,他注意到同样的真理。保罗亦然,他认为基督徒应该存感恩的心来过每一天的生活,那是基督教的真精神,因之,他教导罗马基督徒「当顺服在上有权柄的」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">罗十三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,并且告诉他们「为着良心的缘故」,他们应当「凡人所当得的,就给他;当得粮的,给他纳粮。当得悦的,给他上税;当惧怕的,惧怕他;当恭敬的,恭敬他。」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">罗十三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6~7)</FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  保罗说到每一个政府官员是「神的用人,与你有益」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">节</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。注意那是个外邦罗马政府,他所提的,从皇帝以下都包括在内。而且他进一步地解释道,上帝如此设立国家,为要维持法律、秩序、公正和「益处」。这里显然含括了保护和福祉;这样说来,并没有挪开追求幸福的机会,那是美国宪法所奉为圭皋的。 </SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  所以,虽然基督徒没有将今世视为自已的家,而是视自已为寄居者、路过外地的客旅,正往他们存实之处迈进</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参阅彼前二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、太六</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19~20)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。然而圣经亦告诫他们,不对从好政府而来的利益,漠不关心。同时他们对于尽己方为别人谋求最大的福利,也不可迟疑,就像为自已谋福一样。经由守法的生活来支持稳定的政府,并且经由个人参与,在其可能的范围内,协助政府扮好它的角色。这样的态度当日如何适用于约瑟、摩西、大卫、所罗门、尼希米、末底改和但以理</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但以理的情况特殊,请勿进一步引伸</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,在今日同样适用于我们。这样的行动是服事上帝,也是服事邻舍。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  凯弗德爵士</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Sir Frederick Catherwood)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是欧洲共同市场议会的议员,他一针见血的说:「尝试改善社会,不是世俗化,乃是爱。洗手脱身社会,不是爱,乃是世俗化。」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1) </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  <STRONG>误导的理念</STRONG></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  可是,我们也得注意到现代化基督教界在「政冶观」上有三条支流,它们使得整个局面十分紊杂。在我们往下讨论之前,必须逐一的探讨一番:</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  1.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">持相对观的政治化意图</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  当我提到基督徒「相对论者」的时候,我脑中浮现的是一些更正教徒,他们不把圣经的教训,视为上帝启示的真理,只把圣经看作人对上帝自我的启示的寻索,而且有浓厚的文化背景;所藉以表达的也尽是相对性的词语,今日基督徒不当照单全收;圣经中又有许多情绪性的言论,今日基督徒也不当全然接受。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 当我提到「政治化意图」,我的意思是说,他们的标的把基督教的信仰,从「天路历程」降为以现世为终点的「社会──政冶方案」。这个方案一向的论调是:只要除掉社会上那些集体性的罪,诸如种族主义,经济和文化剥削,阶级分化,反人权等,而以沙龙来代替之</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">沙龙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Shalom</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">乃希伯来文字,意指在上帝之下共有的福祉</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,上帝的国就得以建立在地上。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  这种说法错在那里?不是错在祈求平安,也不是错在处心的促成平安。今日整个地球已经像个村庄,四海之内的兄弟爱,需要每一个基督徒尽力去践履──不论是对自已的同胞,或对国外的需要都一样。但是当基督徒的信仰</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在人群中,我们紧紧把握住上帝启示的目的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和基督徒的顺服</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们尽力遵行上帝所启示的旨意</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">贬为改革人类的社会,那就真是信仰上极大的扭曲了。当基督只被视为救人脱离今世剥削的救主、解放者和赋与人性者,则福音的核心可说已撇弃了。这种看法,可以说已经变为更正教领导阶层中,自由派和激进派的标准看法。普世教协</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(The World Council of Churches)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不只如此表白,而且还强化这种看法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拉丁美洲罗马天主教的「解放神学」也具体表现这种倾向,而且增强之;但是我们现在不准备进一步讨论,本文所关切的是北美洲的更正教</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  可笑的是,更正教主流教会的教牧人员和平信徒领袖,放纵自已,把信仰的价值重新解释、定义为政冶价值。这样一来,他们藉口信仰必须应用在生活中,却把基督教信仰世俗化了,如此,他们多少把信仰左倾化了,甚至于革命、暴动和违抗合法政府的游击战争,可以纳入基督教里面,好多半学术性的书籍持这种观点,自由派神学院也固守此种观点,也有人口尊其为「政冶神学」学术研究,这些现象使得它颇受重视。更正教部分宗派的总部很有计划的宣扬此种看法,导致许多信徒把到处推介这种方案,和基督徒公民的角色等量齐观。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  以上这些论点的基本错误,就是抛弃了基督教的特质──超越性。那些尊圣经为属天真理的人,认为新约中最重要的真理是,耶稣把我们从罪孽和将来的忿怒中救拔出来,在义中更新我们,向我们敞开天门。这些基督徒同时认为那些把传福音当作兄弟之爱的最基本层面者,应该像其他任何人一样,尽全力反对社会邪恶。这样的行为,即是实践好撒玛利亚人的样式,所有基督徒都蒙召如此而行──也就是说,尽一已所能,在每一方面济助有需要者和困苦者。但所有这些必须以事奉基督为大前提,基督的国不属于一这个世界,这位基督要求人类了解今生,不但有喜乐和富足,也有艰辛和忧愁。今生是品德和灵性的训练场,训练我们好在日后生活于永恒之中。我所说的这些持相对观者,因为失去了这种永恒的眼光,于是整个兄弟之爱的走向,已经步入歧途。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  2.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">持绝对观的禁欲敬虔论</SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  此处所谓的「绝对论者」,分布在更正教、罗马天主教,或东正教中。这些信徒相信上帝不变的真理,已经藉着圣经赐予教会,唯有持守这个真理,才能讨上帝喜欢。这些人可以称之为基督教保守派,或甚至保守主义者,因为他们不愿意修改也不愿减缩有历史根据的圣经信仰。更正教的「绝对观者」有好多</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">也许是绝大部分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">比较喜欢被人称作福音派</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(evangelical)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,因为他们认为基督的福音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(The evangel)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">是基督教信仰的中心。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  「敬虔」一词则指向关切如何达到圣洁、避免罪恶,救人灵魂,与弟兄姊妹团契相交,以及以个人身分,反对所有敌对基督的势力。敬虔派在政冶态度上相当被动,不愿与任何层面的政府有来往。有些人可能会去投票,但不会竞选公职,有些人甚至不去投票;而所有人一致倾向于不把政冶课题当作自已的事。这一派的基督徒对他们的公民职分,采取退缩的态度,而不是积极参与政冶行列。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  何以变成如此?因素有好几方面:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第一点是对上文所述更正教中自由派者「社会福音」的反动;福音派敬虔主义者想要尽可能与他们有别。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  第二个因素是从他们的末世论衍生出的错误推论</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「末世论」的意思是对未来的看法</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,此论点认为当基督再来,日近之时这个世界只会愈来愈糟,一点也无法避免。他们还认为,我们简直是束手无策;所以不管是谁掌权,都无关紧要。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第三个因素亦与此有关,就是强调与「世界」分别,与世界的道德堕落、妥协原则、世俗化,寻欢作乐、事奉自已等生活方式分别之。对于政冶,他们认为是在阴暗的环境,为了赢得选票,得经常牺牲原则,而且为了达到目的,必须玩弄手段,因此政治很显然是「世俗」事务,对基督徒而言就成为禁区了。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第四个因素,虽是不可思议,却很顽强,那就是「个人主义」。持这种看法的人,把所有社会问题,转化成个人问题,觉得政府并不重要,因为政府不能拯救灵魂;于是压根儿对政冶活动一点都不感兴趣。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  但是这一些都说不通。不管「社会福音」错得如何,不管在教会或福音事工,应是我们首要的关切有多正确,基督徒仍不可推托对社会和政冶的承担。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  即使主耶稣的再临已近,我们也不必以为我们不能靠着上帝,努力使这个世界暂时变得稍微好一点;如果上帝指示我们得尽所能去做,我们也不能因为恐惧失败,就找藉口逃避。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  政冶的确是权术游戏,但如果社会结构要有所进步,就必须去碰。虽然它属于这个世界,它也是服事上帝,服事人的领域,从实质上言,它一点也不「世俗」。况且,政冶上的妥协与牺牲原则,完全是两回事。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  最后,破坏政冶关切的那种个人主义,可说是短视近利,弄不清楚好政府带来的益处,和坏政府带来的灾害。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">想想希特勒</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Adolf Hitler)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">帕特</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Pol Pot)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和阿敏</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Idi Amin)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。敬虔主义的被动姿态绝对说不过去,现在仍这样想、这样做的人,应该接受再教育,放弃这种观念。这种看法一点也不比我们上面所批判的其他观点正确。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <STRONG> 3.</STRONG></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><STRONG>持尊重圣经的帝国主义观</STRONG></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  我所想到的是一种「十字军精神」,某些热爱圣经的教会、团契的会友,因这种精神而生气勃勃,他们宁愿自称为「基要派」者,也不要「福音派」的称号,因为他们觉得前者用字蕴涵比较多不妥协的战斗的态度。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  我不怀疑宣布目标就投入政冶世界的暄嚣之中,为的是得着他们。这一派人士的问题在于他们受到试探,要把民主权术游戏,当作旧约中圣战的现代化同义词。在旧约圣战中,上帝呼召他的百姓,推翻异族,用武力取得他们的王国。正因为这般试探,我在前头称它为「帝国主义」。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  圣经中的圣战中,异族没有权利,也没有得以幸免不死,因为上帝用他的子民为执行者,施行应受的审判。如果将圣战视为彰显上帝赏善罚恶的手段</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">公义是上帝的性格之一,在全本圣经显明</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然作法令人生惧,但确有其一致性的道德意味;问题是圣战并不是上帝对新约教会的计划,保罗在罗十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中说:「宁可让步,任凭主怒」。如果在现代多元化民主政体,像美国、印度或英国的政坛上,将报复当作基督徒行动的规轨,这种行动不具有道德上或实质的意义。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  在民主政治中,除非民意支持你,且留你在位,你无法统冶。所以探询舆论,且为了达成一致意见而进行说服非常重要。不顾别人想法一意孤行,好像别人不算数以的,总会得着反弹回击的结局。压力团体,只想夺取使用权力,而不争取民众支持,将会引发同等地反抗力量,且结局一定是夭折。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  更正教可能很高兴:罗马天主教现在已经放弃了它长期特定的信念,过去他们认为犯过错的人就没有权利可言,拥有教权的人可以任意发号施令。万一更正教自已也玩起天主教过去的老套,恐怕不久就会自食恶果。危险总是时刻在你我身边,保罗.亨利</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(Paul Henry)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曾经指出:「公义型态的热忱」可能「妨害到政治上的实践。因为任何种类的『忠实信徒』很容易转化成为刚硬的意识型态者,想要将他们的真理,加诸于一般人的社会大众」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基督徒公民,对于公众事务的对与错,应有很坚强的信念,但总以小心谨慎为妙。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><STRONG>  为什么我们支持民主</STRONG></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  在代议民主制度中,立法、司法和行政各有其地位;大众资讯服务</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">媒介</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,不在政府的控制之下;民选的内阁政府,总会伴随着另一个民选的反对势力;而以一人一票为基础上的选举,在定期间隔中再举行……。可是,就我们所知,目前并不是每一个国家的基督徒都享有这样民主政冶环境,不同国家的基督徒生活在不同的政冶制度下,依然能事奉上帝。然而,从基督徒的立场看,代议政冶无疑地比任何其他型态政府更合宜、更明智。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4><STRONG>  基督徒推荐民主政冶,见解有二:</STRONG></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第一,一个政府若以民有、民冶、民享为目标,在开放的社会制度中,有规则地允许任何人竞选公职,这样的政冶环境最能尊重上帝赋予每个人的尊严和价值。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  第二,是察觉在这个堕落的世界中,正如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Lord Acton</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所言,权力有腐败的倾向,绝对的权力带来绝对的腐化。权力的分散和制衡作用建立在行政结构里,会减少腐败的程度;但即使设下限制的栅栏,仍然无法永远地全然地避免权力的腐化。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  一般理论已发觉,如果有更多的公民认清他们参与公共事务决策,可以影响他们的生活,那他们会更坚定的支持这种制度。这种观念与上述的基督徒见解不谋而合,而且相辅相成。由此可见,获得最大多数民众支持的政府,一般而言会比任何其他体制更趋稳定。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4><STRONG>  促使民主运作</STRONG></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  既然基督徒对民主政治的评价如此之高,大家就会期待基督徒公民坚定的支持民主原则,而且基督徒公民也一定会尽其所能地促使民主政冶顺利运作。不过这样的看法表示在一个政冶实体之内,由衷地献身于民主政治行列,最能保证公共事务决策得以可靠进行。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  在西方,实行民主政冶的环境背景是哲学上和宗教上的多元社会,从冲突中达成协议的民主过程,十分重要。在这个堕落的世界里,冲突产生自短视与近利,几乎是政冶上无可避免的现象,藉着不同立场的两方公开讨论、辩驳,可以使政策更坚实、公正,并使多方彼此制衡:我们可以说,公开讨论的气氛愈健全,这个社会就越健康,越有朝气。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  透过辩论解决政冶冲突,我们称之「妥协」。不管在伦理范畴准确度有多高,在政冶上的妥协,不是指放弃原则,而是面对现实,有心理预备:即使已尽一切努力,可能只得到「次好」的境遇。妥协的精神是,半条面包比一点面包都没有来得好。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  取与予是政冶妥协的核心,就好像在民主政冶中,妥协是政冶的核心。能明白这一点,就是政冶见识成熟的标记。相反地,一个严苛的纯理论家,以对立的态度来对待所有不能百分之百赞同他见解和目标的人,这样的态度显出这个人政冶见识不成熟。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 民主政治的决策,是一个尽可能公开的过程,大家都期待行政人员表达他们如此行动的理由:如此做是否不致危及未来。不过所有重大的政冶决策,都说明了决策本身相当复杂,而且在社会大众中,争议极大。至少有三点理由,可以说明这种现象是避免不了的:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第一,每个人对于每个案件的真相,所知都是片面,且经过爱憎心理筛选过。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第二、长程规划和短期解决二者的差异极大,自然也就影响到价值大小、优先次序高低和意见表达的轻重。试想想正在进行辩论的环境保护问题,即可明白。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  第三、结果的统计也很复杂;特别是出乎意料的结果和不受欢迎的结果,产生的反应不同;许多行动,对某些人以乎是对的,对其他人似乎是错的,因为他们期待不同的结局。因为上级的决策会产生不受欢迎的副产品,大家变成在「两害」中取其轻──也就是说,试着选择最小的恶,而避免更大的恶。能不能在战争中使用核武的辩论,即是一例。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  基督徒公民应当接受在政治中没有垂手可得黑白分明的答案,但是上帝愿意所有的同工都是被最高贵的理想、和最成熟的智慧所引导。所罗门的例子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王上三章</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">显出上帝给统治者的恩赐,是运用智慧有创意地应付所遇见的难题,上帝并不提供简易速成的解决方案。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4><STRONG>  基督徒公民当做些什么呢?</STRONG></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  新约圣经没有论到积极参政的例子,因为第一世纪的基督徒没有参政的选择余地。当时的罗马帝国不是民主政体,而且大部份的基督徒不是罗马公民。他们在社会经济结构中,属于低阶层,人数很少,而且被看作是由老一派的犹太教中隔离出来的分裂份子。他们在政冶上没有影响力,也无权享受任何好处</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基督徒稍后得到政治保护所费的时间,远超过美国独立两百周年的时间:在君士坦丁大帝之前,他们的信仰是非法的,他们所到之处都受到激烈的压迫</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  所以,他们在政冶上惟一能参予的几件事就是:纳税</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参看太十七</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">24~27</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,廿二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">15~21</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;罗十三</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6~7)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">为他们执政掌权的代祷</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">提前前二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1~4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,以及维持和平</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">罗十二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;帖前五</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13~15)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  今天,毕竟典型的民主政权己经开启了宽广的参政通道,因此比起教会初期的情形要好多了;相对的,我们在责任上的投入也得更多。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  在投入方面大致可分为:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  1.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每一个人对政治事项都应有全面性的认识,设非如此,我们没法正确判断政冶见解,投票给适当人选,或是认真的为执政掌权者代祷。忽略政冶,绝对不是基督徒的美德。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  2.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每一个人应当为执政掌权者代祷,正如提前二</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1~4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所指示的,祷告具有奇妙的功效,也正如圣经所指出的,祷告的功效无可比拟。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  3.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每一个人当参与选举,也要参与复决投票,在投票时当就事论事,切忌以个人对候选人的爱憎为投票的依据。也不要以单一孤立的政见为准,应着眼于整个社区的利益,一票很小,但终究是一票,或许我们可以因此发挥在世作盐作光的功效。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  4.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有一些人可以藉着辩论、写作,及参加政党中工作,寻求政治的影响力,通常圣职人员不要参与如此的工作,这会成为他们与意见不同者之间的拦阻,有碍于他的事奉。但是,对于有兴趣的信徒而言,是非常适宜的,我们应当鼓励他们去把获取政冶影响力当作一种基督徒的事奉,与在教会生活、崇拜、作见证这些他们目前极熟悉的事奉同等重要。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  5.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另有些人应当从政,哪些人应当如此作呢?我想是对政冶有兴趣、有能力又有合适机会的人,他们对其他事业,没有像对政治那么强烈笃好者。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  还有那些愿改进全人类关系者,促进国际和平,将不合原则的歧视以公义来取代,以及推进公众秩序的人士。还有,有些人准备勤奋工作,他们愿意以忍耐、谦逊、容忍,以及廉洁,避免狂热驾驭等态度,将公众的利益放在自已前面。前文提到圣经历史中有些从政者顺服上帝的引导去领导社会、改革社会,他们寻得从上帝而来的呼召,也奋力去回应。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN></FONT>&nbsp;</P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">但是,可别忽略了,从政的代价极其高昂!政坛之旅是条艰辛的路,从政者的生活公开于万目盯梢之下,无时无刻不在舆论批评之下暴露,生活必须精神十足、经常自我牺牲。正如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Robert D. Linder </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Richard V. Pierard</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">──写过的「如此时工作是毫无感激可言及教人丧志的,有时甚至到了心理丧胆及为那些参与的人心碎的境地。这些是极困难的问题,而且不论一位政冶家如何的做,总是有人会感不满,并且发出抱怨,每一个社会中的人,却有权来评断任何一个公职人员的作为,这些评断总有些利处,一个否绝抉择家的特权。由个人观点来看,参与政冶相当消耗人的时间、家庭关系及经济资源。也有许多朋友会认为你之所以参政,是为了动机堪议,而且他们会绘声绘影……」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。政冶是一个权力竞争的游戏,当中所有的不过是嫉妒、憎恨、指责及满足自我的寻求,在这场游戏中,充分流露了人性罪恶的一面,这是众所皆知,无须多说的了。没有那位有原则的政冶家,期待平坦大道,那更别提是基督徒政冶家了。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  不过,基督徒的使命又有那一类是轻轻松松的!凯弗德爵士在他的著作「基督徒公民」的结论是值得好好思想的。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT size=4>  </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  「我们一定要谦卑但不能批评;我们一定要准备接受指正并且承认过错;我们服务大众乃是基于我们对神舍命的爱的回应,他的爱是我们不论如何服务大众也报答不完的。所以,不论我们做什么,我们的责任理当如此。我们不像异端宣称立即的满足;我们也不像推销员一般,保证成功。基督徒的时间表是无限的,这个撒种,那个收割,这个劳力,那个收取他的劳力。在神看来一日如千年,又千年如一日。基督徒懂得什么时候该耐心等候,但他也懂得什么时候该行动。」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">注</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这才是基督徒正确的参政态度,因为,它适用于基督徒生活的每一部份。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  (</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本文译自今日基督教半月刊。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">) </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4 face="Times New Roman"><SPAN lang=EN-US>  </SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">  <STRONG>注解</STRONG></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><STRONG>:</STRONG> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  l. Sir Frederick Catherwood</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> "Reform or Revolution?" in Is Revolution Change? ed</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Brian Griffiths</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Downers Grove: Inter Varsity Press</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1972</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> p35. </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  2 Paul B. Henry</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Politics for Evangelicals</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">VaIIey Forge: Judson Press</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1974 p.69. </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  3. Robert D. Linder and Richard V</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Pierard</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Politics: A Case for Christian Action</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> Downers Grove: Inter Varsity Press</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1973</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> pp.107 ff.</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">.</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><FONT size=4><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">  4 Catherwood The Christian Citizen</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> London: Hodder and Stoughton</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> 1969</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> p .177. </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
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