南方周末:别了,“社会恐惧症”
<h1 style="list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-family: 微软雅黑; font-size: 2.2em; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><br></h1><p class="relInfo" style="padding-top: 10px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-family: tahoma, 宋体; color: rgb(119, 119, 119); position: relative; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; "><span class="author" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><em style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; float: left; font-style: normal; ">作者:</em><strong style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 10px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; float: left; position: relative; ">南方周末记者 方可成</strong></span><span class="pubTime" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; display: block; clear: both; ">2012-01-04 16:28:10</span><span class="source" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; position: absolute; right: 0px; top: 25px; float: right; height: 20px; "><em style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; float: left; font-style: normal; ">来源:</em>南方周末</span></p><div class="contents" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 30px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: tahoma, 宋体; font-size: 12px; line-height: 14px; "><div id="detailSideL" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 14px; margin-bottom: 12px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; float: left; width: 200px; "><div class="inner" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; 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list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; min-height: 16px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-image: url(https://xiaomenkou.info/b/http://images.infzm.com/images/2009/news-style-res.png); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 50% 100%; background-repeat: repeat no-repeat; "><a href="https://xiaomenkou.info/b/http://www.infzm.com/content/67274" title="南京:三大模式推动社会共治 " target="_blank" style="padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 15px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(0, 66, 118); text-decoration: none; background-image: url(https://xiaomenkou.info/b/http://images.infzm.com/images/2009/typeicon.png); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; 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margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(0, 85, 170); text-decoration: none; ">中</a> <a href="" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(0, 85, 170); text-decoration: none; ">小</a></li></ul></div><div id="content-context" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-size: 14px; line-height: 1.8; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); text-align: justify; "><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><q style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; quotes: none; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(0, 85, 170); ">在中国重新认识社会的道路上,2011年是一个重要的年份</q></p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><q style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; quotes: none; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.5em; color: rgb(0, 85, 170); ">“我们所说的和谐社会应该是权力、市场与社会之间的和谐。”</q></p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">很多事实表明,在中国重新认识社会、重新建设社会的道路上,2011年是一个至关重要的年份。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">这一年,“社会管理创新”成为政府战略重点,中央层面动作频频,一些地方还通过放开社会组织登记等手段为社会“松绑”。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">这一年,公民力量继续生长,越来越多的人选择积极理性地参与意见表达和权益维护。年末广东乌坎事件的顺利解决,更显示社会与政府的协商对话、利益博弈渐成机制。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">概言之,居庙堂之高者和处江湖之远者,都不再患有“社会恐惧症”,都在学会正视社会,并自觉组成参与社会建设的多方力量。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">北京大学公民社会研究中心执行主任师曾志说,“政府放开手,民间的社会自治,恰恰是保证中国长治久安的道路。”</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; text-align: center; "><img width="400" height="223" alt="" src="https://xiaomenkou.info/b/http://images.infzm.com/medias/2012/0104/50245.jpeg" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "></p><p style="padding-top: 0pt; padding-right: 4em; padding-bottom: 0pt; padding-left: 4em; margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; text-align: center; color: rgb(102, 102, 102); line-height: 1.4em; "><span style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; color: rgb(192, 192, 192); ">2011年8月,时任广州市市长万庆良“面对面”接待信访群众。社会矛盾和冲突不断增加,政府治理方式面临转变。(何奔/CFP)</span></p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><b style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-weight: 700; ">“治安”变“管理”,究竟变了什么?</b></p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">过去的一年中,“社会管理创新”无疑是中国热门时政语汇中的一匹“黑马”。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">2011年2月19日,胡锦涛总书记发表讲话,要“着重研究加强和创新社会管理、做好新形势下群众工作的思路和举措”。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">胡锦涛是在以“社会管理及其创新”为主题的省部级主要领导干部专题研讨班上讲这番话的,中央政治局全体委员参加了开班仪式。这一研讨班,自1999年以来基本每年举办一次,近年来主题包括:加快转变经济发展方式、学习实践科学发展观、建设社会主义新农村等——都是执政党近期的重大战略。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">7月至10月间,“社会管理创新”又因两件大事备受关注:一是中央印发《关于加强和创新社会管理的意见》,二是“中央社会治安综合治理委员会”更名为“中央社会管理综合治理委员会”。后者引发众多解读,“从单一强力控制到社会综合协调”的维稳思维之变,是论者的普遍共识。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">实际上,变化从官方文件的措辞转变就可以窥见:1991年3月综治委成立后,“严打”一直是核心词;1997年“十五大”报告提出“打防结合,预防为主”;2007年的《关于进一步加强流动人口服务和管理工作的意见》则明确提出了“服务”的概念。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">从“严打”到“预防”,再到“服务”,直至“管理创新”,这条线索亦显示出中共对治理方式的探索之路。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">另一个观察视角是综治委的领导配置。更名后,主任依然由中央政治局常委、中央政法委书记周永康担任,但副主任序列发生了很大变化:最高法、最高检的一把手退出了,中央政法委秘书长和副秘书长也退出了,增加了国务院副总理回良玉、中宣部部长刘云山、国务委员马凯和全国政协副主席钱运录等领导。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">在地方,综治委主任的任用模式也随之转向——越来越多的省由党委专职副书记取代政法委书记兼任综治委主任,多个省份的宣传部长也跻身综治委副主任行列。国家行政学院教授汪玉凯认为,这种变化意味着综治委能调配的资源将更加广泛,社会管理的内容也将更“宽”,不仅包括治安,还包括公共服务、危机应对、医疗教育、社会保障、精神卫生等。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><b style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-weight: 700; ">被“逼”出来的革新</b></p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">在中国,以“社会”为中心的革新十分罕见——从某种程度上说,它是被“逼”出来的。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">“近一段时间中国对社会管理问题的着力强调,源于特殊的背景:社会问题、社会矛盾以及社会冲突不断增加,并由此形成了对社会生活的冲击。”清华大学社会学教授孙立平说。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">在他看来,中国社会面临的最大威胁不是“乱”,而是“烂”。其区别在于:“乱”相当于被他人打伤,“烂”则是自身的组织、细胞出了严重的毛病。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">孙认为,这种溃败已经蔓延到社会生活的各个领域。他以2011年触痛国人的“小悦悦事件”为例分析说:“我不相信18个人经过小悦悦的时候都视而不见。如果他们内心有过挣扎,但最后因为怕惹来麻烦而没有伸手,那更多不是个人道德问题,而是社会的问题。需要改变的是这个社会,只有好的土壤才能生长出好的植物。”</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">现实情况是:糟糕的土壤不仅孕育了冷漠的路人,更孕育了广泛的矛盾和冲突,给政府带来巨大的维稳压力。日本《外交学者》杂志评论说,中共因此提出了“社会管理创新”的概念。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">对于社会建设,广东省委书记汪洋2011年7月与网民在线交流时也曾有一番解释:“我们这些年来以经济建设为中心,或多或少地对社会建设重视不够,使社会建设在许多方面落后于经济建设的发展水平,有许多欠账。”</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">“新媒体的迅猛发展之下,政府不与社会对话是不行的,不提出社会管理创新是不行的。”师曾志说。但革新之后的“好社会”究竟是什么样子?中国人对此并无经验。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">学者金观涛曾系统研究中国现代重要政治术语的形成,他发现,“社会”一词是1900年左右“进口”的外来语,但引进时,背后的意思却存在微妙差异:在发达国家和地区,私人领域稳定而坚固,国家权力受到监督,公共领域不会压倒私人领域;但在当下中国,家国意识浸润的绅士知识分子们并不了解“社会”与保护私人领域间的关系,在构建公共领域的过程中,私人领域不断萎缩,“社会”最后只能代表“公”,成为国家的代名词。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">改革开放后,市场经济令社会的成长成为可能,一些人从“体制内”走到了“体制外”,一些人从“单位人”变成了“社会人”,但“社会”依然有贬义。学者崔卫平曾指出:在人们的惯用语中,“社会”往往意味着次一等的存在,意味着危险、不可信任,如“社会闲杂人员”、“社会盲流”、“社会渣滓”等。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><b style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-weight: 700; ">社会控制,还是社会自治?</b></p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">从视社会为“原罪”,到告别“社会恐惧症”,无疑是巨大的飞跃。不过,在各地纷纷开展社会管理创新的热潮背后,却暗藏着一个重要问题:“社会管理创新”这个“筐”,到底该装些什么内容?</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">广东选择了学习香港。以省会广州为例,在该市“学习借鉴香港先进经验”的文件中明确提出了香港“小政府、大社会”的运作模式,还提出要逐步完善社区自治功能,加快转变政府职能,推进政府购买服务。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">而广东决定自2012年7月起基本取消社团双重登记的做法,更引发关注。实际上,北京、天津、上海等地也有类似做法,民政部民间组织管理局副局长李勇公开表示,最终目标是实现所有社会组织直接登记。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">此外,《人民日报》原评论员马立诚认为,广东乌坎事件的顺利解决体现了社会管理创新。“对待全世界媒体关注的焦点事件,能够采取疏解方针,实事求是,以人为本,为今后解决群体性事件做了有益探索。”</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">杭州也有自己的经验。在那里,政府并未将政府职能外包,而是吸纳民间组织与政府组成“社会复合主体”。中央编译局学者周红云认为:在社会复合主体中,政府并没有完全退出,而且作为一个重要分子发挥应有作用,而政府与行业协会、商会甚至商户的地位都是平等的。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">这些都是对重新界定政府与社会关系的探索。不过,也有不一样的声音出现。孙立平认为,对“社会管理”的不同解读值得关注,要防止偏离社会自治,走向社会控制。“在面临诸多压力和挑战的情况下,很容易对社会管理形成误解,将其片面理解为一种消极的、防范性的手段,加强权力对社会的全面控制。”</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">他提出,“社会管理不能片面理解为单向的政府对社会的管理,积极的社会管理只有通过政府与社会的合作和共治才能实现。一个正常的社会需要自组织能力,以应对可能的政府失灵和市场失灵,使社会生活有序进行,降低社会转型的风险。”</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">在政府和社会的关系问题上,许多学者主张走“小政府、大社会”之路,但也有人不全然认同,如清华大学教授胡鞍钢就提出“大政府、大社会”的格局,他认为,由政府主导,由社会组织和社会成员协同配合的方式“具有一定的本土特色,也符合中国的实际国情”。</p><p style="margin-top: 14px; margin-bottom: 14px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; ">但很少有人会否认,社会的逐渐强大是正在发生的事实,而强大后的社会将使政府与社会间不平衡的关系得到修正。“我们所说的和谐社会应该是权力、市场与社会之间的和谐。”孙立平说。</p></div></div>
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