曹志:中国宗教团体登记制度分析
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国宗教团体登记制度分析</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">——以基督教家庭教会为考察对象</SPAN></B><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT color=#800080>*</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></B></SPAN></A><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">曹志</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">目录</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">前言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、登记制度的功能</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)登记程序</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)申请人</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)被申请人</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(四)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、登记管理的逻辑</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年北京守望教会案</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年安徽铜陵教会案</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、登记救济的困境</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)登记审批违法吗?</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)宗教管理体制</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、宪法第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与登记制度</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条、立法法与宗教条例</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条是如何产生的</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、宪法序言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、制宪和修宪程序</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 11.8pt; mso-char-indent-count: .98"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">、第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">条与中共中央</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">号文件</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与“依法管理宗教”</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(四)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">五、结论</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">前言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中国共产党执政以来,宗教团体就被归类为社会团体(以下简称“社团”),而纳入到政府的行政管理体制中。政府归类和管理社团的先发手段是登记制度立法:《社会团体登记暂行办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9/9/1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)及《社会团体暂行办法施行细则》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">23/3/1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就基督教团体的管理,当时还特别制定有《接受外国津贴及外资经营之文化教育救济机关及宗教团体登记条例》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">29/12/1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、《接受外国津贴及外资经营之文化教育救济机关及宗教团体登记实施办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11/1/1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和《对于接受美国津贴的基督教团体处理办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">24/7/1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当时,中共中央要求反对基督教中的帝国主义,在教徒中进行爱国主义教育;政务院总理周恩来提出基督教应当建立自治、自养、自传(以下简称“三自”)的教会,吴耀宗等顺应该要求而发起基督教“三自”爱国运动——这是上述三项条例及办法产生的背景。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在通过《对于接受美国津贴的基督教团体处理办法》的会议上,中国基督教抗美援朝三自革新运动委员会筹备委员会成立;该委员会协助政府推行其宗教政策,发动基督教的控诉运动,在此过程中各地建立三自革新分会。正是在这个基础上,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年“中国基督教三自爱国运动委员会”成立。这就是中国“三自教会”的由来。同时,为保持独立而拒绝加入“三自”系统的教会,或者被强制解散(如“耶稣家庭”教会),或者是教会领袖被冠以“反革命罪”受审入狱(如主持“北京基督徒会堂”的王明道先生)。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是,坚持不加入“三自教会”的基督徒转入或继续在家庭聚会——这就是今天我国基督教“家庭教会”的起源。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以,上述三项条例及办法的制定者,表面上是要求所有接受美国经济支持的基督教团体必须登记并尽快达成自养,但实质上是借机以反帝爱国的名义在基督教团体内部进行分化整合,试图建立服务于人民政府的教会系统。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn7" name=_ftnref7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从此,“家庭教会”在这种登记制度与政治运动的联合夹击下,被置于“非法”地位;“三自”教会则成为国内唯一合法的基督教团体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">进入</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1990</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年代,国务院宗教事务局首先制定行政规章《宗教社会团体登记管理实施办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6/5/1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),要求宗教团体依照《社会团体登记管理条例》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">25/10/1989</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)办理登记。后者被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日颁布实施的《社会团体登记管理条例》(以下简称“社团条例”)废止,由此,《宗教社会团体登记管理实施办法》在法理上失去制定依据;但在现实中仍对宗教管理部门(<SPAN style="COLOR: black">宗教类行政法规规章</SPAN>称之为“宗教事务部门”)在宗教团体成立事项上的行政行为具有指导作用。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn8" name=_ftnref8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">接着是行政法规《宗教活动场所管理条例》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">31/1/1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和行政规章《宗教活动场所登记办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13/4/1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)出台,要求宗教活动场所管理组织负责人向县级以上宗教管理部门申请登记。由此可见,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">世纪前,在全国人大立法和国务院行政法规层次,我国尚未就宗教问题制定任何的综合性法律法规;但就宗教团体和宗教活动场所的登记管理,制定有专门的行政法规和行政规章。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我国《宗教事务条例》(以下简称“宗教条例”),于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年颁布、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年施行。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn9" name=_ftnref9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正如《人民日报》专文指出:宗教条例乃是“我国第一部宗教方面的综合性行政法规”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn10" name=_ftnref10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">政府认定它“标志着我国宗教方面的法制建设取得重大进展。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn11" name=_ftnref11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。原全国人大副委员长、全国政协常委、天主教爱国会主席傅铁山认为它是“宗教法制建设的里程碑”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn12" name=_ftnref12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年前开创的宗教登记管理制度,在该条例体现于第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。因此,宗教管理部门以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年社团条例和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宗教条例为依据,要求宗教团体通过登记,获得合法地位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年以来内地基督教家庭教会从未登记,</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn13" name=_ftnref13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,宗教条例首次在行政法规层面引发家庭教会合法地位的危机。这是本文研究和考察的背景。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">面对这种危机,我国法律界和教会界人士各自阐发不同意见。法律界以姜时华、范亚峰、杨俊峰和王怡为代表。姜时华认为该条例的登记实质要求宗教团体必须由政府(宗教管理部门)批准设立,由此产生“官办宗教”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn14" name=_ftnref14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范亚峰清楚地指出:政府利用宗教条例进行选择性执法,利用登记作为限制公民宗教自由的依据。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn15" name=_ftnref15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨俊峰虽然认为宗教条例有助于保障宗教自由、使宗教管理规范化并在一定程度上提升了宗教立法的法律位阶和立法质量,但他从登记的程序、条件和效力三方面指出登记制度限制宗教自由和结社自由。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn16" name=_ftnref16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王怡则将家庭教会的登记看成维权手段,试图借之改变登记制度;并归纳了极具指导性和操作性的五原则:社团原则、自愿原则、程序原则、独立原则和普遍原则。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn17" name=_ftnref17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">教会人士以袁相忱梁惠珍夫妇、范亚峰、孙明义、刘同苏和江登兴为代表。袁相忱先生指出“政治和宗教要绝对地分开”,不认同</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“国家用宗教事务局来管理一切宗教活动”,认为宗教团体若是“人民团体之一”就会“在党的领导下为无产阶级政治服务”;并曾在<SPAN lang=EN-US>1996</SPAN>年明确拒绝登记。<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn18" name=_ftnref18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>其夫人梁惠珍女士在宗教条例颁布后直接表示</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">拒绝登记。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn19" name=_ftnref19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范亚峰明确反对家庭教会登记,不仅仅是根据其政治学和法学的专业知识,更重要的是他从属灵国度与属世国度间争战的神学观,定位教会登记。范认为我国政治秩序实质乃是“人民宗教”,</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn20" name=_ftnref20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以,登记对家庭教会而言绝非表面上的法律问题,而是属灵争战问题。他主张在“人民宗教”的政治秩序中,因为涉及到属灵争战,和平理性地维权成由此成为教会施工的一部分:其核心方式是法律诉讼,绝非政治对抗。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn21" name=_ftnref21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孙明义将国内家庭教会在登记问题上的主张分为三类:“分离派”、“维权派”和“对话派”。他的分析是:“分离派”基于“教会与世界分离”的神学观,而主张教会不应登记,认为登记就是向世俗世界妥协;“维权派”基于维护政治权益的立场反对登记,认为通过违宪的宗教条例登记就是与政府共同侵害宗教信仰自由。“对话派”坚持教会独立:拒绝政府干预教会事务、拒绝加入官方教会,在这个立场上,试图通过登记与政府对话,而在家庭教会与政府间建立一种合宜的关系。孙断定“分离派”与“维权派”分别是被“政治恐惧症”支配而导致的“自我隐藏”与“直接对抗”的两种反应。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn22" name=_ftnref22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他从其基督教神学的“教会论”出发,主张“对话论”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn23" name=_ftnref23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">刘同苏以宪法宗教信仰自由权为基点,承认登记制度的部分合理性,区分“拒绝接受官方教会管理”与“拒绝登记制度”,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他“反对隐蔽在现行登记制度里面的违宪条件”并“拒绝接受官方教会的管理”;</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn24" name=_ftnref24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">主张只修改登记制度中的违宪部分,反对否定登记制度。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn25" name=_ftnref25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">他区分独立登记与依附登记,并指出:“登记与否不是投降的标志,向哪里登记才是关键。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn26" name=_ftnref26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以,他定位“独立登记”立场,支持“对话论”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn27" name=_ftnref27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">江登兴认同刘同苏“有限度的目标以及适度的手段”。但他基于基督教教义和政教分离立场,批评刘未看到宗教条例登记制度的非法性质。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn28" name=_ftnref28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法宗教信仰自由条款是江和刘两位都援用的论据,江以此证明宗教条例登记制度基础的违宪,刘却认为只是该条例部分违宪。江登兴表示:“一、不认为目前进行登记的外部环境已经具备;二、目前的条例预设了政府有权决定教会的存在是否合法。这是违背圣经和常识的”,因而主张教会“在目前法律条件下登记不可行。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn29" name=_ftnref29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">江还指出孙明义对“分离派”反对登记之神学观的分析是错误的,因为袁相忱先生不反对基督徒以公民身份参与政治,而袁先生反对登记的理由在于“教会不是人民团体,教会是属天的,是属灵的。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn30" name=_ftnref30><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">除极少数家庭教会登记在“三自教会”系统内,内地家庭教会的主流持守不登记的立场。上述教会人士不同的“登记观”对不同的家庭教会均有影响力,因而,即使不登记但原因各有不同。在上述整理和分析的基础上,本文认为内地家庭教会对登记采取的对策和措施分为三类:拒绝论、维权论和对话论。拒绝论又分为袁相忱的“绝对拒绝”(不管情形如何,一律拒绝登记)和江登兴的“相对拒绝”(拒绝审批式登记,接受备案式登记)。维权论,以范亚峰为代表,是在不登记的立场上通过维权来保护家庭教会的活动空间;刘同苏支持、孙明义主张的对话论,则是在坚持家庭教会独立的前提下,通过申请登记与政府对话,试图以此为契机建立政府与教会的合宜关系。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">家庭教会对登记的判断及应对措施,立基于上述对宗教条例及其登记制度的不同评价。被傅铁山赞扬是宗教法制建设里程碑的宗教条例,其要求的登记却被梁惠珍女士拒绝,而范亚峰指出政府利用该条例选择性执法;同是学者,姜时华视宗教条例为强化国家控制的工具,而杨俊峰却认为该条例有助于保障宗教自由;同为基督教家庭教会人士,刘同苏认为登记制度部分违宪,江登兴却认为登记制度整体违宪;孙明义以为可借登记与政府对话,江登兴则判断目前法律环境导致登记不可行,范亚峰则主张以维权护卫家庭教会空间。由此可见,不同人对我国以宗教条例为代表的宗教立法、宗教管理方式及体制、宪法宗教信仰自由条款和背后政教关系的认知不同。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从法律的视角而言,上述分歧集中于一个问题:宗教条例和社团条例构成的登记制度与宗教自由究竟是一种什么关系?即登记制度是促进还是限制宗教自由,是合宪还是违宪;登记制度限制宗教自由却合宪,是否可能?这个复合性的问题,作为本文研究的核心问题,贯穿始终。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,本文第一部分从宗教条例、社团条例与登记有关的规则概括登记程序的模式,并对该程序模式双方当事人的定位进行分析,以确认登记制度的功能所在。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第二部分则是根据对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宗教条例颁布施行后发生的两个家庭教会案例进行分析,分别考察宗教管理部门在登记程序中如何审查、拒绝申请者和如何处理未登记的教会,从中考察登记管理的逻辑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第三部分假设宗教团体登记引发行政诉讼,讨论即使是行政诉讼的司法救济方式亦不能解决这个困境的原因所在,认为不仅是登记规则在法律体系中的地位和法院司法审查权的受限,而且在于宗教管理体制的四个特征。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第四部分假设最高法院可能适用宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条(宗教信仰自由条款)来突破宗教条例和社团条例合成的登记程序规则造成的困境,从这种逻辑出发,追问第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与宗教条例是否一致。通过对我国政治权力和宪法结构的分析,本文认为第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与宗教条例是同一权力运作逻辑的产物,而且实体内容亦是一致。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最后,本文总结上述分析及论点,并提出当前可行的改革建议。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一、登记的制度功能</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)登记程序</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教团体的登记制度,由宗教条例和社团条例相关法条建构的登记程序为核心。宗教条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,要求“宗教团体的成立、变更和注销,应当依照社团条例的规定办理登记。”该条例第一章“总则”、第二章“宗教团体”,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条位于第二章之首——这种安排证明“宗教团体的成立、变更和注销”在该条例各类宗教事务中的首要地位;很明显,从管理角度而言,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条将宗教团体置于与非宗教类社会团体同等的位置。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过对社团条例的考察,本文发现宗教团体行政登记程序由四步手续依次衔接;每步手续在申请人与被申请人之间展开,由三个环节构成:即申请-审查-批准(见表</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">):</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">【表<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>】社团登记程序图<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">①</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请成立→业务主管单位审查→(拒绝)批准:(拒绝)同意成立宗教团体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt">②</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请筹备成立→登记管理机关审查→(拒绝)批准:(拒绝)批准筹备成立宗教团体</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">③</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请成立登记→登记管理机关审查→(拒绝)批准:(不)准予宗教团体登记</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在宗教团体行政登记程序的每一步,宗教团体发起人都要向行政部门提起申请:第一步,被申请人是业务管理部门即宗教管理部门;后三步,被申请人是登记管理机关即民政部门。前三步手续中,被申请人享有审查-审批申请的职权,因此,在宗教团体的行政登记程序中,成立宗教团体的申请,要面临三次审查;一旦被申请人审查后拒绝同意或不批准,申请人不可进入下一步,宗教团体行政登记程序就此终止。若未经批准而筹备宗教团体成立活动,或未经登记以宗教团体名义活动,登记管理机关将采取取缔措施,并没收其“非法财产”:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">若该团体发起人和参与者活动尚未构成犯罪,对其给予治安管理处罚;若构成犯罪,将被追究刑事责任。第四步仅仅是备案手续,登记管理机关收到备案文件后在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日内发给申请人《社会团体法人登记证书》。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由此可见,宗教团体登记的行政程序,在宗教团体发起人与两类行政部门之间展开:宗教管理部门与民政部门,在四步依次衔接的手续构成的登记行政程序中,对申请人申请材料分别依次进行三道审查,从而对申请人是否享有申请筹备或筹备成立宗教团体之权利,作出行政决定。宗教管理部门与民政部门,对宗教团体成立登记事项的审查和审批,构成双重管理。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请人递交申请材料所证明其具备的条件,成为其通过被申请人审查-批准而获得成立宗教团体并以该团体名义活动之权利的充要条件。被申请人的审查方式和审查标准,成为判断申请人能否准予登记而获得合法地位的基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)申请人</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据社团条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款,宗教团体应当具备法人条件。该条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条将法人条件具体列明:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>)有<SPAN lang=EN-US>50</SPAN>个以上的个人会员或者<SPAN lang=EN-US>30</SPAN>个以上的单位会员;个人会员、单位会员混合组成的,会员总数不得少于<SPAN lang=EN-US>50</SPAN>个<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>)有规范的名称和相应的组织机构,名称应当与其业务范围、成员分布、活动地域相一致,准确反映其特征<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>)有固定的住所<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>)有与其业务活动相适应的专职工作人员<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>)有合法的资产和经费来源,全国性的社会团体有<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>万元以上活动资金,地方性的社会团体和跨行政区域的社会团体有<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>万元以上活动资金<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(<SPAN lang=EN-US>6</SPAN>)有独立承担民事责任的能力</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“法人”,本是国家通过法律赋予其类似自然人人格,以使其像自然人一样独立自治并自主承担法律责任的组织。简言之,法人是具有独立民事主体资格的团体。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn31" name=_ftnref31><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">法律本是国家政治权力运作的产物,因此在实证法意义上,“法人”不得不依赖国家权力而存在和定位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">社团条例要求的法人条件:“名称、组织机构”、“住所”、“资产和经费”及</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“民事责任能力”等,本源自《民法通则》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">37</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。《民法通则》将法人分为四类:企业法人、机关法人、事业单位法人和社会团体法人。该法之所以首次使用“企业法人”一词</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,目的在于通过改革政府对企业单位的管理方式,以一种按照所有权与经营权分离的思路,来塑造国营企业相对独立的地位;</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn32" name=_ftnref32><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">却不是赋予“企业法人”(或“法人)以自治地位。所以,《民法通则》的法人制度,并不是通过法律拟制技术来承认团体独立主体资格以参与民事活动,实质仍是沿用单位制度。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn33" name=_ftnref33><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“法人”,只不过是“单位”在法律中的表达,“换汤不换药”,社团,包括宗教团体仍旧被置于单位体制之中。单位体制下社团包括宗教团体的法人地位,实质是社团依附于单位系统的地位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我们首先观察社团条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条中的“法人”四项条件:最少成员数量要求(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、住所固定要求(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、工作人员专职要求(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和最低活动资金要求(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。上述限定作为宗教团体成立的必备条件,乃是国家(行政)立法者自身而非宗教团体发起人对宗教团体的要求;这意味着无法达到上述条件的公民,作为宗教信徒不能享有成立宗教团体的权利。另外,“独立承担民事责任的能力(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)”要求,将不需要进行民事活动,或不以团体名义进行民事活动之宗教团体的成立,排除在外。所以,我们认为“法人”条件具有抬高门槛而将无法具备上述条件的“非法人组织”排除在外的功能,使得“非法人组织”不能获得合法地位。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn34" name=_ftnref34><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">简言之,“法人”条件的功能就是限制宗教自由和结社自由。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请人不仅需要在第一步申请中证明其已经具备上述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项条件,在第二步申请中还要提交</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">筹备申请书、宗教管理部门的批准文件、验资报告、场所使用权证明、发起人和拟任负责人的基本情况、身份证明和章程草案来向民政部门证实。国务院民政部制定的《社会团体章程示范文本》规定:申请人必须在章程中表明社团接受业务主管单位、社团登记管理机关的业务指导和监督管理;而且设计了单一的社团内部组织结构:会员大会(最高权力机构)、理事会(执行机构)及常务理事会,和理事长、副理事长及秘书长的任职条件和职权,并要求特殊情况下的会员大会和理事长(社团法定代表人)的换届或变动“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">应报业务主管单位审查并经社团登记管理机关批准同意”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">可见,章程,本应是发起人自由结社时对社团宗旨、组织结构和活动方式的意思表达。但它在成文过程中却必须按照政府文件要求形成,结果章程被行政意志格式化。行政文件要求社团组织结构、人事变动服从行政指令,不是以“自治”而是以“控制-依附”为社团成立及其活动的逻辑,社团的组建和活动由此被纳入行政系统中。政府(民政部)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">在社团登记申请</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">准备中设定社团章程的格式内容,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">实质要求申请成立的社团必须依附行政,对社团实现双重管理。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; tab-stops: 253.5pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)被申请人</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">已如前述,在宗教团体登记的行政程序中,被申请人是宗教管理部门(第一步)和作为登记管理机关的民政部门(第二—四步)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在该程序的第一步申请中,宗教管理部门批准该申请与否,决定着发起人能否将该程序继续下去。由此可见,宗教管理部门对该申请的审查是实质性审查。其审查对象是待成立宗教团体的人数、名称、机构、住所、职员任职能力、资金经费及民事责任能力,审查目的是判断发起人是否具备通过成立宗教团体开展宗教活动的能力,从而决定是否赋予发起人组建宗教团体的权利。这种审查机制运作的基础在于:是否及如何筹备以成立宗教团体的判断权,不是属于公民自我判断自主决定的领域,而是属于行政决定的领域。很明显,“(行政)立法者”设计这种机制基于两个考虑:成立宗教团体类事务是如此重要,以至于普遍禁止是前提;由此出发,立法者认为行政系统比作为公民的宗教信徒群体更适合判断应在具备怎样的条件时才拥有成立宗教团体的能力。如此一来,宗教团体的结构要素,被行政法规所限定;成立宗教团体的必要性和合适与否,由行政官僚来判断;宗教团体能否成立,取决于行政部门的特许。于是,宗教团体的结构设定、内部安排和成立结果,都被纳入到行政系统的运作逻辑中。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; tab-stops: 174.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在该程序的第二—四步申请中,被申请人是登记管理机关,即民政部门。被申请人对第二和第三步申请的拒绝,将使得该程序停止,导致发起人拟建的宗教团体不能成立的后果,因此,登记管理机关在第二、三步的审查亦是实质性审查。其审查对象除了待成立社团的宗旨是否合法、业务是否违背国家利益、公共利益或侵犯他人权利、发起人和拟任负责人是否犯罪或有前科外,重点在于:宗教管理部门是否已经同意;章程草案是否符合</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《社会团体章程示范文本》;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本行政区域是否已有业务范围相同或相似的宗教团体而没必要成立;是否设立地域性的分支机构。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; tab-stops: 174.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如果申请成立的社团章程中没有“接受业务主管单位、社团登记管理机关业务指导和监督管理”条款,或其内部组织结构设置、职权设定、拟任负责人资格与</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《社会团体章程示范文本》安排相抵触,登记管理机关将不予核准该章程,该章程即不能生效,社团不能成立。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; tab-stops: 174.0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">社团条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条规定:若</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">在同一行政区域内已有业务范围相同或者相似的社会团体,没有必要成立时,登记管理机关不予批准筹备。这种规则设计的前提是:同一个行政区域的同一个业务领域,只能有一个社团存在,即社团的单一性;执行该规则的结果是:若同一个行政区域同一业务领域,已有一个社团存在,公民不能成立业务相同或相似的另一社团,排除社团竞争,即社团的垄断性。这就是为什么《宗教社会团体登记管理实施办法》(<SPAN lang=EN-US>6/5/1991</SPAN>)第<SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>条规定“在同一行政区域内不得重复成立相同或相类似的宗教社会团体。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在此前提下,该条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的“不得设立地域性分支机构”条款,乃是与第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条相配合,建立起社会团体的分级登记管理体制,即社会团体由各级政府民政部门按地域登记管理。这种分级登记管理体制,使得不同行政区域业务相同或类似的社团组织,不能成为一个联合团体,或者彼此之间不能独立决定实现联合意义上的合作关系。即使名义上是属于同一个社团在全国-地方-基层设立的组织,但若要在同类事务上实现合作,必须通过相应行政区域的业务管理部门通过行政命令和指示来安排协调。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由此可见,在宗教团体登记的行政程序中,民政部门的审查旨在确定成立的宗教团体同意接受宗教管理部门和民政部门的业务指导和监督管理;宗教团体的内部组织结构设置、职权设定、拟任负责人资格,服从政府(民政部)的设计安排;本行政区域内同一个宗教类别只能存在一个宗教团体;并保证各宗教团体被其所在地宗教管理部门所管理,防止宗教团体(活动)脱离“属地管理”的控制。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(四)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">登记程序的行政许可性质、双重许可制、宗教团体的法人条件、格式章程、社团“单一”条款和“不得设立地域性分支机构”条款,构成宗教团体行政登记制度,其功能乃是使得宗教团体的章程、结构、人员、活动方式和目的被纳入行政管理系统,在这个基础上,全国各地宗教团体分别嵌入中央政府-省级政府-地方政府-基层政府的结构中,形成宗教团体依附于行政系统的局面。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二、登记管理的逻辑</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一部分基于宗教条例、社团条例等与登记相关的规则,发掘各个规则构成的登记制度。同时,从对宗教团体行政登记程序模式的分析,论述登记制度旨在实现的功能。但是,这仅仅是一种对规则的静态分析,上述规则及其组合成的登记制度在宗教行政管理中如何发挥作用,则需要我们在现实案例中去考察。因此,本文第二部分将根据对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年两个家庭教会案例的分析,来探究宗教团体登记管理的行政手段及其逻辑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年北京守望教会案</SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(见<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">表</B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,北京海淀区守望教会长老会议决定向政府申请登记。经过制定章程、招募</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">68</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">名发起人等历时一年半的筹备工作后,该教会发起人于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日向北京市海淀区民族宗教侨务办公室(以下简称“区民宗办”)提出成立宗教团体的申请;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,区民宗办的书面答复要求申请人“应根据实际情况向民政部门咨询并申请”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,发起人向北京市海淀区民政局社团办提出登记申请;该局社团办于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日给出的书面答复指出:申请成立宗教团体,必须递交业务主管单位的批准文件,区民宗办是该区的宗教业务主管单位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,守望教会发起人再次向区民宗办提交宗教团体登记的申请;经两次补交材料后,区民宗办于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日出具《行政审批事项受理通知书》及《审批事项申请材料收件凭证》。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,区民宗办出具《审查意见》,认为拟成立的守望教会“拟任牧师未经依法登记的市宗教团体认定,没有与本社团业务活动相适应的专职工作人员,不符合《社会团体登记管理条例》第十条第四项之规定”,故不同意成立守望教会成立的申请;该审查意见建议守望教会发起人可与已经合法登记且业务范围相似的海淀区基督教三自爱国运动委员会联系,接洽有关事宜。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,申请人就该《审查意见》以区民宗办为被复议人,向北京市宗教局递交《行政复议申请书》,认为该办作出的具体行政行为属于行政许可,违反法定程序、适用法律依据错误且该错误导致政教关系严重混乱,要求撤销该行政行为。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,市宗教局作出《行政复议决定书》,认为:“被申请人所作的具体行政行为不属于行政许可,且认定事实清楚,证据确凿,适用法律依据正确,程序合法,内容适当”,而决定维持区民宗办不同意申请成立守望教会的行政行为。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,守望教会发起人向国家宗教事务局递交《基督教北京守望教会关于教会登记的意见》,尚未得到国家宗教局的答复。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">虽然申请成立守望教会的发起人(后亦称“申请人“),尚未向法院提起行政诉讼;但因为行政复议的发生,故本事件仍然构成一个案件。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教条例颁布后,宗教团体必须按社团条例申请登记。根据本文第一部分的分析,宗教团体申请登记,必须进入宗教管理部门和民政部门业务指导和监督管理系统:提出四次申请,接受宗教管理部门和民政部门的三次审查和批准,满足社团条例要求的条件,方能获得登记,享有合法地位。这种节节设防的审批旨在保证符合行政系统要求的宗教团体产生,从而实现对宗教领域的整体管制。本案的守望教会正是在该管制背景下而主动申请登记的。从这种应对来看,发起人正是持“对话论”立场。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而在本案中,耐人寻味的是,当发起人首先向其所在地的宗教管理部门(即海淀区民族宗教侨务办公室)提出申请时,区民宗办却要求其先向区民政局咨询并申请;而当区民政局要求必须先获得区民宗办批准,发起人应其要求再次申请时,区民宗办居然需要其两次补齐材料。在区民宗办</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日出具的《审批事项申请材料收件凭证》(【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">】</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号)中,发起人被告知:若申请材料不齐全或不符合法定形式,将即日内收到《行政许可申请材料补正告知书》。该行政公文的遣词造句表明:宗教管理系统自身,已经将对宗教团体申请登记的审查批准,定性成行政许可行为。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在成立宗教团体的登记程序中,本案发起人向区民宗办提起的申请属于该程序的第一步。在第一步申请中,申请人需要向宗教管理部门证明其已经具备法人的六项条件:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)最少成员数量要求;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)规范的名称和组织机构;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)住所固定;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)与业务活动相适应的专职工作人员;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)最低活动资金;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)独立承担民事责任的能力,实务中拟建宗教团体以自己的名义拥有独立的财产即满足该项条件。因此,上述条件基本都是形式和数量上的要求,它们都是具体明确并可以达到的标准,但不是任何人都易于具备。尤其是就第(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)项条件而言,设计目的若是确定保证宗教团体能够开展相应活动,应该是要求宗教团体配备具有开展宗教活动能力的专门工作人员。然而,问题在于:这种工作人员的能力和任职资格,是由宗教团体发起人自我判断来决定,还是由宗教管理部门行政裁量来认定?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本案中区民宗办《审查意见》拒绝申请人成立守望教会的判断逻辑如下:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国务院《宗教事务条例》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">27</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款规定:宗教教职人员经宗教团体认定,报县级以上宗教事务部门备案,可以从事宗教教务活动。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据《北京市宗教事务条例》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,宗教教职人员的身份,由依法登记的市宗教团体按照本宗教规定的条件和程序认定或解除,并报市政府宗教事务部门备案。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请拟成立的守望教会拟任牧师未由依法登记的市宗教团体认定,故不具宗教教职人员身份,因此,拟成立的守望教会没有与其宗教活动相适应的专职工作人员。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《社会团体登记管理条例》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条要求成立的社团必须具备的法人条件之一是:有与其业务活动相适应的专职工作人员。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">申请成立的守望教会没有与其宗教活动相适应的专职工作人员,不能满足法人条件,因此不能成立。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《审查意见》的推理乍看之下,宗教教职人员由依法登记的宗教团体来认定,而宗教管理部门只负责备案。似乎宗教教职人员认定属于宗教团体内部事务,宗教事务部门的备案仅是事后的信息收集和归档备查。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而,正如本文第一部分所述,社团条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的“单一条款”(或称“排除条款”),使得同一种宗教在同一个行政区域只能存在一个宗教团体,于是,宗教教职人员一律只能由首先成立且唯一的宗教团体来认定。这种依法登记的宗教团体必须接受宗教管理部门的业务指导。上述推理过程的大前提之一宗教条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">27</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款,实际将“宗教团体认定-宗教事务部门备案”程序作为“宗教教职人员从事宗教教务活动”的前提条件,即:履行<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">“宗教团体认定-宗教事务部门备案程序义务”是法律构成要件,“宗教教职人员获得身份认证,从事宗教教务活动”是法律效果</B>。简言之,若未备案,不仅不是宗教教职人员,而且不能从事宗教教务活动。这种备案实质是审批或许可。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn35" name=_ftnref35><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在宗教团体登记程序的第一步申请中,宗教团体若要成立获得合法地位,只能首先成为法人。然而,是否(满足)法人(条件),单就专职工作人员这项条件,只能且必须由宗教事务部门的审查和批准来决定。社团条例和宗教条例建立的制度,证明宗教事务部门对宗教团体成立申请的审查和批准是行政许可行为。本案《审查意见》推出“依法登记的市宗教团体”为挡箭牌,以申请人“拟任牧师未经宗教团体认定”不符合法人条件为程序理由,拒绝其成立宗教团体,欲图造成是申请人自我欠缺法人条件而宗教事务部门只是作出程序判断的假象;并以这种假象,掩盖《审查意见》的行政许可特征。要求“依法登记的市宗教团体”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认定申请人准备成立的宗教团体工作人员的资格,将守望教会发起人置于两难:要么放弃宗教自治接受“依法登记的宗教团体”(进而是宗教事务部门)的支配,要么放弃自己成立宗教团体的意愿。但是,本文要问的是:<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">“依法登记的市宗教团体”登记成立前,其宗教教职人员又由谁认定?难道是“鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡”不成?</B>产生这种“鸡生蛋,蛋生鸡”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">逻辑怪圈的根本原因乃是:宗教事务部门通过行政许可权决定——谁能够获得宗教教职人员资格,谁享有成立宗教团体之宗教自由。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,区民宗办和市宗教局否定该《审查意见》是行政许可行为的判断,并不成立;《审查意见》实质是行政许可行为,作出了剥夺申请人成立宗教团体之宗教自由的实体判断。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年安徽铜陵教会案</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,安徽省铜陵市劳动新村,由王兴铨创办已有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">83</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年历史的基督教家庭教会,被当地宗教管理部门取缔,该教会的聚会场所被查封;宗教管理部门责令该教会加入市基督教三自爱国运动委员会。在该教会信徒强烈要求下,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,市政府就该行政行为举行听证会;听证后,市政府维持宗教管理部门的取缔决定。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn36" name=_ftnref36><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该案案情中“未登记”的具体细节,还没有得到确定的事实材料证明;但鉴于</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">社团条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">条对未登记而活动的社团、宗教条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">43</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">条对未登记而设立的宗教活动场所追究其法律责任的规定,并结合本案</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当地宗教管理部门执法行为的逻辑来看,应该是以“未登记”为由取缔该教会。因此,可以认为本案同样是在宗教条例颁布施行后,政府通过登记程序对宗教团体实现管制的背景下发生。尽管王兴栓教会已有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">83</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年历史,先于当地基督教三自爱国运动委员会存在,但仍然因未登记而被铜陵市宗教管理部门取缔。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">守望教会案使该教会处于一个困境:守望教会作为已经开展宗教活动逾十年的宗教组织,登记为宗教团体的申请,却被拒绝,那么,该教会合法还是非法?即宗教条例及宗教管理部门怎样定位未登记的宗教团体?宗教管理部门在安徽铜陵教会案的执法逻辑,看来应该有助于解答上述疑问。于是,这里首先需要研究的是:“取缔”的性质,包括“取缔”条款中的构成要件和法律效果。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据对</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">部行政类法律:《食品卫生法》、《建筑法》、《献血法》、《执业医师法》和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">部行政法规:《医疗机构管理条例》、《非法金融机构和非法金融业务活动取缔办法》、《社会团体登记管理条例》、《印刷业管理条例》、《无照经营查处取缔办法》、《特种设备安全监察条例》、《宗教事务条例》中“取缔”条款的分析(见<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">表</B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),我们发现“取缔”具有如下特征:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“取缔”,针对未获行政许可或超越行政许可范围的行为、活动。由于这种行为或活动者是未获许可而成立的团体,由此,“取缔”的真正指向是这种团体,目的在于即刻、全面、永远禁止此类团体的存在,并使其实施的行为或活动终止。为保证该目的实现,需要对此类团体的组织者(或发起人)、此类活动及活动场所、活动资金、用品采取全面即刻的强制措施。因此,必须由对这种团体之成立享有行政许可权的行政部门首先启动“取缔”;然后,由对此类活动组织者及活动场所、资金、用品享有采取强制权限的行政部门配合。在上述背景下,“取缔”实质是行政行为的综合应用:查封(场所)、扣押(相关用品)、没收(违法所得)、(对行为人)实施行政处罚如罚款,甚至追究刑事责任,因此,“取缔”涉及到若干行政部门甚至是公检法政法机关的综合治理行为。可见,“取缔”包括行政强制措施、行政处罚和刑事处罚等:上述三类强制行为可以单独使用,可以结合并用,却不是按照“比例原则”根据不同情况不同对待;意图通过对与未经许可的组织活动相关的人、物、资金和场所全面采取强制措施,达到彻底禁止未经许可的活动及其组织存在的目的。这不仅可以即刻终止待“取缔”对象的活动和存在,而且通过对行为人行政责任和刑事责任的宣告或追究,预防或威吓将来此类团体及其活动的再生。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,本文认为“取缔”乃是政府基于公共性理由,如公共安全、公共健康、公共卫生、公共利益等;对未经许可或脱离许可控制的团体及其有组织的活动,综合动用各类行政部门甚至司法部门,全面、系统采取具有强制力的行为,追究行为人行政责任或刑事责任,彻底、终局性地禁止此类团体的存在,实质造成对自由(经济自由、宗教自由或结社自由)的限制。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">立法者、执法者和研究者至今对“取缔”究竟是定性为行政强制措施还是行政处罚争论不休。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn37" name=_ftnref37><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根据上述分析,本文认为这其实是一个假问题,不仅是因为上述对“取缔”性质、构成要件和法律效果的分析,而且是由于“取缔”本身的起源。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在中国共产党执掌政权前夕,“取缔”一词最早出现于中共中央东北局发布的《关于取缔封建会门的指示》中(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20/2/1948</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。随后,华北人民政府发布《解散所有会门道门封建迷信组织》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20 /6/1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),要求<SPAN style="COLOR: black">所有会道门首要分子应向当地县市政府所属公安机关进行登记,不登记继续活动者将被严惩</SPAN>;中共中央山东分局社会部发布《关于处理封建迷信道门会门问题的指示》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20/6/1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),宣布取缔“封建迷信道门会门”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中共中央和公安部在全国部署取缔会道门组织开始,“取缔”频繁出现在执政党政策及政府部门文件中:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">当时的中共政策宣传刊物《时事手册》专文指出:“严厉取缔反动会道门,已成为我们当前锄奸防特、镇压反革命活动的重要一环。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn38" name=_ftnref38><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月,公安部转发“关于山西代县重点取缔一贯道经验的通报”,指出“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">取缔反动会道门工作,是一件细密的政治斗争和思想斗争”;华北局在关于执行《中共中央关于镇压反革命活动的指示》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">18/3/1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">)中再三强调,“华北的一贯道和龙华会是最反动、破坏性最大的一个秘密会门,必须彻底加以取缔”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">日,北京市发布“取缔一贯道”的公告,取缔以逮捕公审、登记退道、封闭道坛、内部清理等方式全面展开;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">日,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">《人民日报》发表《坚决取缔一贯道》的社论。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn39" name=_ftnref39><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT face="Times New Roman">21</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">日中央人民政府公布施行的《中华人民共和国惩治反革命条例》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">条规定:利用封建会门,进行反革命活动者,处死刑或无期徒刑;其情节较轻者处三年以上徒刑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">从上述检索可见,“取缔”源于中共为获取政治权力、控制社会组织而采取的政治手段。它通过执政党政策进入政府行政文件,通过“反革命的政治运动”支配政府系统的运作:既有行政上的登记和查封,亦有司法(程序)上的逮捕和审判;还配以法规条款的形式对其采取的最高刑罚给予合法性。这个条款于我国制定第一部刑法(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1/7/1979</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">)时化作该刑法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial"><FONT face="Times New Roman">99</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">条:“组织、利用封建迷信、会道门进行反革命活动,处五年以上有期徒刑;情节较轻的,处五年以下有期徒刑、拘役、管制或剥夺政治权利。”在中共中央下发的</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《关于我国社会主义时期宗教问题的基本观点和基本政策》的通知(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">31/3/1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件)中,“<SPAN style="COLOR: black">已被取缔的一切反动会道门和神汉、巫婆,一律不准恢复活动。凡妖言惑众、骗钱害人者,一律严加取缔,并且绳之以法”的阐述,正是以上述“取缔史”为背景。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年《刑法》修正案将</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1979</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年《刑法》中的“反革命罪”改为“危害国家安全罪”。由此同时将后者第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">99</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">组织、利用封建迷信、会道门进行反革命活动</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">”条款</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">从刑法分则第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">章挪入第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">章“妨害社会管理秩序罪”——“扰乱公共秩序罪”,而改为第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">300</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">条:刑法规范的假定条件即犯罪构成表述为“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">组织和利用会道门、邪教组织或者利用迷信破坏国家法律、行政法规实施的”、“蒙骗他人,致人死亡的”、“奸淫妇女、诈骗财物的”三类情形。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年《刑法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">300</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1979</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年《刑法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">99</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条相比:形式上的犯罪主体增加了“邪教组织”;犯罪客体从“无产阶级专政和社会主义制度”转换为“国家法律、行政法规的实施、人身权和财产权”。于是,“取缔”的对象从“会道门”转向宗教团体,“取缔”的理由从“反革命”变成“妨害社会秩序”或“侵犯人身权或财产权”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种将“取缔”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从政治手段、政策用语换成法律手段、法律用语的转变逻辑,在“法轮功”问题上重演——</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN>ffice:smarttags" /><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="19" Month="7" Year="2006"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">月<SPAN lang=EN-US>19</SPAN>日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《中共中央关于共产党员不准修炼“法轮大法”的通知》号召党内开展反“法轮功”的政治斗争;</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="22" Month="7" Year="2006"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">月<SPAN lang=EN-US>22</SPAN>日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">民政部、公安部和新闻出版总署发布通知取缔“法轮功”;</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="29" Month="8" Year="2006"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国务院办公厅转发《<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">国家体育总局、民政部、公关部关于加强健身气功活动管理有关问题的意见》,要求“坚决取缔非法气功组织”</SPAN>。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">10</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月,最高法院最高检察院针对“组织和利用邪教组织的犯罪”发布司法解释,</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn40" name=_ftnref40><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“邪教组织”被定义,将“气功组织”包括在内;</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn41" name=_ftnref41><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">全国人大常委会通过《关于取缔邪教组织、防范和惩治邪教活动的决定》,“法轮功”被定性为“邪教”,</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn42" name=_ftnref42><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">使得对该组织及其行为给予刑事处罚,形式上符合“罪行法定原则”。</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt">2001</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中共中央政治局常委首次全体出席全国宗教工作会议,总书记江泽民首次在这类会议上发表讲话,再次强调:要对宗教加强管理,引导其与社会主义相适应。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn43" name=_ftnref43><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最高法最高检继</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年后再次联合颁布“打击利用邪教组织犯罪”的“司法解释”。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn44" name=_ftnref44><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“两高”前后两个司法解释,不仅在解释内容上借定义“邪教组织”扩大</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年刑法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">300</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的犯罪主体,而且运用使用法典中的条款项</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn45" name=_ftnref45><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、结合罪状和罪名的规定</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn46" name=_ftnref46><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、列举性规定和概括性规定并用</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn47" name=_ftnref47><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">等立法技术,实际上“盗用”立法权进行刑事立法。对“法轮功”的管制再次证明:由执政党启动,国务院(公安部、国家宗教事务局等相关部门)、最高法院最高检察院、全国人大及时充分应用各自的职权,互相配合,实施追究行政责任或刑事责任的政府行为,正是“取缔”的执行逻辑;禁止个人行为,封闭活动空间,正是“取缔”的目的所在。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">所以,根据对现行法律法规中“取缔”条款的分析和“取缔”在我国产生的历史追溯,本文认为“取缔”乃是执政党及其政府为控制社会,而对实质上威胁其执政地位、反对其施政方针、阻碍其政策推行,形式上未被登记即未获行政许可的社会团体,采取一切具有强制力的政府行为(立法行为、行政行为和司法行为),旨在终止该类团体有组织的活动,彻底取消该类团体或组织的存在。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">(三)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">这就是为什么社团条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">35</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">条对未登记而活动的社团、宗教条例第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">43</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">条对未登记而设立的宗教活动场所、宗教院校,规定追究其法律责任的方式就是“取缔”。这就是为什么本案已有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">83</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">年历史的王兴栓教会不能登记反遭取缔的逻辑所在。守望教会案申请登记被拒绝,与本案王兴栓教会未登记即取缔,由同一种逻辑支配:即登记意味着必须接受并被纳入宗教管理部门和民政部门的双重管理系统中。这就是为什么在守望教会案与王兴栓教会案中的宗教管理部门都提出加入</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">基督教三自爱国运动委员会</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">的要求,虽然前者是“建议”,后者是“责令”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">三、登记救济的困境</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王兴栓教会和守望教会,各自应用行政听证和行政复议两种程序,主张其宗教团体合法地位的权利。在王兴栓教会案中,市政府主持听证后对比共和国历史还长</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的该教会维持原“取缔”行为;守望教会案中,市宗教局对区民宗办标示“行政许可”的行政文件视而不见,认为该行为不属“行政许可”;对区民宗办未告知申请人行政复议和行政诉讼权利置之不理,认定其程序合法。如果仅仅是因为行政机关主导行政听证和行政复议程序的局限,而导致两案中宗教团体登记的困境,那么行政诉讼是否能够解决这种困境?如果不能,原因究竟是什么?这是本文第三部分所研究的问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)登记审批违法吗?</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在行政诉讼中,法院对五类具体行政行为可以判决撤销:主要证据不足;适用法律、法规错误;违反法定程序;超越职权;滥用职权。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教管理部门根据宗教条例对宗教事务享有行政管理权,因此,“超越职权”一项可排除。“滥用职权”即滥用自由裁量权,是指行政主体及其工作人员在职务权限范围内违反行政合理性原则的自由裁量行为。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn48" name=_ftnref48><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而本文第一部分“登记制度的功能”已经证明:宗教团体的登记规则是——宗教团体若<SPAN style="COLOR: black">不接受被纳入</SPAN>宗教管理部门和民政部门业务指导和监督管理系统(<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">法律要件</B>)<SPAN style="COLOR: black">,宗教管理部门就不予登记(<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">法律后果</B>);未登记的宗教团体(<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">法律要件</B>),不得设立宗教活动场所,不得举行宗教活动,由宗教管理部门取缔(<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">法律后果</B>)。可见,在社团条例和宗教条例设定的法律要件满足时,</SPAN>宗教管理部门必须拒绝登记和取缔。在这个程序中,宗教管理部门不仅对法律要件的满足没有任何决定的权力,而且对法律后果也没有自行决定的余地,即没有选择执法的空间。在这个意义上,宗教管理权只是机械性的适用法规,可谓属于“羁束行政”,而非“自由裁量行政”。所以,宗教团体的登记救济无法援用“滥用职权”的理由。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就“主要证据不足”而言,宗教团体,只要不接受被纳入或不属于宗教管理部门和民政部门业务指导和监督管理系统(<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">事实</B>),即宗教团体寻求自治地位,就成为宗教管理部门拒绝登记和取缔的<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">证据</B>。所以,宗教团体通过行政诉讼,主张独立自治地位,怎么可能作茧自缚般认为宗教管理部门“主要证据不足”?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同理,宗教条例和社团条例构成的登记制度的功能,就是使得接受被纳入宗教管理部门和民政部门业务指导和监督管理系统的宗教团体,才能被登记而获得合法地位,反之被拒绝登记而被视作非法团体。按照这种逻辑执法的宗教管理部门,自然不存在“适用法律、法规错误”问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本文第一部分“登记制度的功能”论述道:登记程序由四次申请依次组成,前三次申请分别由申请-审批-(拒绝)批准三个环节构成,这种被动行政行为由于审批属内部程序,所以实际为行政相对人即申请人接收的外部行为只有“(拒绝)批准”行为一项;由此可见,宗教管理部门和民政部门没有“违反法定程序”的可能。另外,即使如两案中宗教管理部门未告知申请人对其行政行为不服享有提起行政复议或行政诉讼的权利,也并不能有效救济宗教团体登记的困境:因为宗教管理部门仍可依据同一事实和理由作出与原具体行政行为基本相同的具体行政行为。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上分析表明,宗教团体的发起者,试图提起行政诉讼,寻求司法救济所面临的困境。这种困境,不仅是救济程序本身的局限性,更重要的原因在于宗教条例和社团条例建构的登记制度——它不仅是登记行政程序过程中行政执法的根据,亦是登记诉讼中法官断案时不得审查而必须适用的依据。结果,登记管理中的行政许可权,本身就不受约束;相对人的权利根本无法得到保护。那么,这种登记管理,究竟是顺应宗教管理体制的产物,还是与现有体制不符呢?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中共从革命党转为执政党,国家行政权力系统直接从党和军队组织系统派生出来;在此基础上,中共中央发布的《关于在中央人民政府内部组织中国共产党党委会的决定》、《关于在中央人民政府内部建立中国共产党党组织的决定》和《关于加强中央对政府工作领导的决定(草案)》三项文件,确立党控制行政系统的制度。党支配政府的政治权力结构由此建立。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn49" name=_ftnref49><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">执政党向社会贯彻其政治权威的方式之一,就是重建社会秩序。毛泽东在中国人民政治协商会议第一届全体会议上的宣言指出如何重建秩序:“我们应当进一步组织起来。我们应当将全中国绝大多数人组织在政治、军事、经济、文化及其他各种组织里,克服旧中国散漫无组织的状态,用伟大的人民群众的集体力量,拥护人民政府和人民解放军,建立独立民主和平统一富强的新中国。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn50" name=_ftnref50><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中共力图通过使不同的人归属不同的组织,形成“集体力量”,以协助政府实现“建立新中国”这个政治目标。那么,<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">在宗教领域如何形成这类组织来建立这种秩序呢?</B></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年起,执政党和政府发起宗教界的群众性爱国运动:在佛教(包括藏传佛教)、道教和伊斯兰教内反封建,在基督教和天主教内反帝国主义;以“反革命分子”作为划分“敌友”标准。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn51" name=_ftnref51><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在这种群众运动中,通过控诉、“反革命罪”的认定和惩罚,消除反对执政党和政府宗教政策、抵制其政治权威的异议者。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年政务院颁布《社会团体登记暂行办法》,曾将“宗教团体”作为必须登记的六大社会团体之一:强制解散不登记者;禁止“反动团体”登记成立;对有“反动行为”的已登记团体,撤销登记并解散;要求登记成立的团体必须以接受政府指导,协助政府为义务。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn52" name=_ftnref52><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">例如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年政务院《接受外国津贴及外资经营之文化教育救济机关及宗教团体登记条例》、《接受外国津贴及外资经营之文化教育救济机关及宗教团体登记实施办法》和《对于接受美国津贴的基督教团体处理办法》,以“反帝”为由,强制中国基督教团体与外国教会脱离关系并登记;</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn53" name=_ftnref53><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">另外如道教,则是经历土地改革反封建残余和镇压反革命取缔反动会道门及民间秘密宗教后,由内务部批准颁发社宗</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">002</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号社会团体登记证以中国道教协会形式才得以存在。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn54" name=_ftnref54><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,实际上只有支持爱国运动并服从的宗教人士,才被视为参与执政党统一战线的合作者;然后,中央政府支持同一宗教不同派别的这类人士,合并成立单一的全国性宗教团体,各级地方政府按行政命令支持本行政区域内同一宗教不同派别的这类人士合并成立单一的地方性宗教团体。这类宗教团体的章程宣示:接受政府领导,协助政府执行宗教政策。这类宗教团体人士作为社会宗教界代表,在政治结构安排上被纳入各级政治协商会议内,承担在执政党领导下“政治协商、民主监督、参政议政”的政治功能。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn55" name=_ftnref55><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这类宗教团体人事被确定列入行政、事业编制,其经费被纳入国家财政预算;</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn56" name=_ftnref56><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“登记”和“指导”的不同行政部门构成对宗教团体的双重管理。政府通过宗教团体来对宗教事务直接实施行政管理,这类宗教团体于是成为政府行政系统在宗教领域的延伸。因此,这类宗教团体既被纳入执政党控制的政治系统,又被纳入政府的行政系统。同一宗教的全国性宗教团体与各地宗教团体,表面上是一个宗教组织系统,实际因着与党组织系统和行政系统的归属关系,而受到各级党组织和政府组织的控制。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由此可见政府对宗教团体地位安排的四部曲:政府首先按其自身的意识形态标准来判断和鉴定宗教团体的性质,在该基础上通过群众运动重新组合符合自身需要的宗教团体。政府决定何种宗教团体享有合法地位的手段,就是登记制度。规则是:禁止反动团体登记;撤销实施反对行为之团体的登记;解散抵制登记的团体;导致社会团体若要合法存在,就必须以服从政府为前提。第二,政府赋予因服从而获得合法地位的宗教团体以执政党合作者身份,将其作为宗教界本宗教的唯一代表纳入政治协商会议,这种“宗教团体政治化”的设计定位,既为执政党执政提供正当性,又保证其宗教政策得到被纳入“政治协商会议”组织系统的宗教团体支持;第三步,爱国宗教团体人事通过行政编制安排,其经费由国家财政预算提供。宗教事务部门和民政部门分别作为宗教团体的业务主管单位和登记管理机关,使得宗教团体被纳入“归口登记,双重负责,分级管理”的行政管理体制中,成为行政系统在宗教管理领域向基层的延伸。宗教团体对政府的附属地位导致“宗教团体行政化”。第四步,资本主义制度靠市场成功获得的劳动分工有效模式,被苏联模仿来推进工业化,进而被我国执政党效法。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn57" name=_ftnref57><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">服务于社会主义工业化的社会主义改造,强制实现土地、房屋、企业等资源国有化,企业由此行政化,中央计划管理体制得以建立:作为统购统销控制手段的户籍制度、“统包统配”的劳动制度和集体福利分配制度,导致劳动者对就业场所的全面依附,即个人对国家的依附。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn58" name=_ftnref58><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在这个基础上,执政党根据生产的不同功能,将各种组织分为机关单位、事业单位和企业单位。社会团体包括宗教团体在行政管理上被归属到机关事业单位管理的范畴。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn59" name=_ftnref59><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“宗教团体单位化”因此形成。(见<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">表</B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn60" name=_ftnref60><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"></SPAN></B></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24.1pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教团体的政治化、行政化和单位化,形成并加固着宗教团体单一化的特征。我国宗教团体四个特征的塑造过程,亦是我国宗教管理体制的建构过程——这不仅决定宗教团体登记规则的功能和逻辑,而且是造成宗教团体登记救济困境的根源。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四、宪法第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与登记制度</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上述分析已经可以清晰地得出以下论点:我国宗教管理体制,是宗教条例和社团条例建构宗教团体登记制度的基础,宗教团体登记的救济困境由此而生:宗教团体必须依附行政系统,唯此,宗教团体的成立、宗教活动场所的设立、宗教活动的开展才谓“合法”;否则“非法”。于是,依附政府的宗教,即俗语称之的“官方宗教”,才能成为“合法”的宗教。这样一来,我国宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条(即宗教信仰自由”条款)第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款“国家保护正常的宗教活动”,是否存在画蛇添足之嫌?从诉讼救济的角度而言,即使最高法院有可能直接适用宪法“宗教信仰自由”条款来突破“违宪”之宗教条例、社团条例对宗教团体成立造成的困境,那么这个假设若能成立,首先就需要我们判定:宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,与宗教条例、社团条例和宗教管理体制是否站在同一个立场?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条、立法法与宗教条例</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,即“宗教信仰自由”条款,列于宪法第二章“公民的基本权利和义务”中,位处选举权(被选举权)、言论、出版、集会、结社、游行、示威自由权之后、人身自由权之前,分</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款表述。这种位序和款数,充分表明宗教信仰自由权在宪法基本权利谱系中的分量。因此,宗教信仰自由权在宪法基本权利谱系中的优势地位,意味着宪法应当对涉及到宗教信仰自由问题的立法权和行政权存在限制。例如《立法法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条要求“对公民政治权利的剥夺和限制人身自由的强制措施和处罚”只能先制定法律。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">然而,我们观察第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款(“国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度的活动。”):前句表明只有“正常的宗教活动”才被纳入国家保护范围;后句通过为宗教(活动)设限来界定何为“不正常”:宗教(活动)不得破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康、妨碍国家教育制度;即违反该<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">禁止性规范</B>的宗教活动即不正常的宗教活动。保护公民身体健康、教育制度和社会秩序,是国家职能所在,立法和执法是国家应用其政治权力实施职能的方式,由此,国家行使其权力为宗教(活动)设限定界,获得正当性。所以,我们认为:宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款实质是对国家管制宗教的授权,而非限权或禁止。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,我们才能够理解:为什么《立法法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条在“只能制定法律的事项”中,对如此重要的“宗教信仰自由”却只字不提;这种立法者的“沉默”,是否表示:法律(体系)不得对宗教信仰自由进行规范?当然不是!行政法规宗教条例的颁布实施,就再次证明这是错误的猜想。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">那么,“宗教信仰自由权”可否被纳入《立法法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第(十)项“必须由全国人民代表大会及其常务委员会制定法律的其他事项”中?若该假设成立,按照《立法法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,宗教条例作为行政法规就必须得到全国人大及其常委会的授权。然而,宗教条例并未显明这种授权(程序)存在。这证明立法权对行政(立法)权的监督不存在。因此,我们要问:在以人民代表大会制度为根本制度、以全国人民代表大会为最高国家权力机关的我国,这种制度“漏洞”如何得以发生?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《立法法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">56</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第二款,将“宪法第八十九条规定的国务院行政管理职权”,提升与法律并列,成为制定行政法规的两大“根据”之一。根据“职权”制定行政法规,与根据“法律”制定行政法规,二者的区别是:前者指行政管理权,后者指重大问题的创制权。“重大问题的创制权”是全国人大及其常委会“专属立法权”的同义语。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn61" name=_ftnref61><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这表面上是行政管理权与专属立法权之间的区分,实质是在公共事务上人大与国务院立法权限的分配。如此一来,在宗教管理体制内的行政管理权,将宗教事务定性成“国务院行政管理职权事项”。立基于此的行政立法得以脱离立法机关的控制,这就是宗教条例得以产生的立法逻辑或政制安排逻辑。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上分析表明:首先是宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款为国家管制宗教的权力创设正当理由。《立法法》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,完全忽视宗教信仰自由权在宪法基本权利谱系中的优势地位,未将宗教信仰自由权跟政治权利和人身自由权同等对待,更未置于其上,反而“置之不理”,于是,立法机关自我放弃在宗教自由问题上最低限度的审议权力和保护职责;由于该法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">56</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款赋予国务院根据行政管理职权自行立法即制定行政法规的权力,进一步导致立法机关丧失在该问题上监督行政机关的权力。因此,宪法承认国家管制宗教的权力,逐渐演变成单一的行政系统管制宗教的权力。这种宪法-立法法设计的政治权力安排,是宗教条例获得正当性的政制基础。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 23.6pt; mso-char-indent-count: 1.96"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条是如何产生的?</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上述分析证明:宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条-立法法(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">56</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)所设计的权力安排,是国家-行政管制宗教的政制基础;宗教条例,就是该政制结构中权力运行的产物。但是,作为宪法条款的第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与作为行政法规的宗教条例,目标和内容是否一致?这就需要分开考察各自产生的程序和各自内容的来源。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是,本文这一部分首先需要研究宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条产生的程序。这是判断它为什么会选择由国家对宗教设限定界的前提。让我们先在宪法结构中考察第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的产生程序。考察的方法不仅仅是对宪法结构的分析,更重要的是将之与对我国政教关系的考察相结合。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">刘小枫先生指出:中国的政党政治,由政教一体化的传统儒教模式塑造;当宗教性政党的“主义”教义成为制宪的法理依据,从而支配宪政,而非宪政规范政党,就促成国体化宗教的出现。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn62" name=_ftnref62><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在这个基础上,我认为:“‘人民民主专政’教义和实现该教义的‘阶级斗争-群众运动’的仪式,将‘人民’结合在一元化金字塔式结构的‘人民共和国’内,形成了中国延续至今的‘人民宗教’。”</SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn63" name=_ftnref63><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在宗教领域,“一元化的金字塔式结构”的具体表现,就是宗教管理体制。如果“人民宗教”的命题成立,那么,厘清宪法序言、制宪—修宪仪式、宗教管理体制与宗教立法体系之间的关系,不仅能够透彻地理解第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的来龙去脉及其与宗教立法体系的关系,而且有助于定位我国政教关系。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、宪法序言</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法由宪法序言、第一章“总纲”、第二章“公民的基本权利和义务”、第三章“国家机构”和第四章“国旗、国徽、首都”组成。宪法序言,共</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段:以“革命”开门见山,表明“革命”是中国人民的传统,为“革命”提供历史蕴涵的正当性(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段)。基于近代史中国(人民)的苦难,提出“国家独立、民族解放和民主自由”是中国人民的目标(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段)。二十世纪就是中国人民实现这个目标的奋斗史:辛亥革命并未完成这个历史任务,而是由毛泽东领导的中国共产党通过完成新民主主义革命,创立中华人民共和国,中国人民才得以掌握国家权力(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段)。社会主义建设的成就,亦是在中国共产党领导下取得的。中国共产党获得历史赋予领导国家的神圣地位。坚持四项基本原则建设国家成为历史的结论(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段)。分清国内外的“敌友关系”,以第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段“爱国统一战线”及其组织“中国人民政治协商会议”为重心,旨在各阶层联合中强调中国共产党领导的正当性(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段)。最后则以概述宪法的内容、在我国法律体系中的地位和宪法义务结束(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">段)。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法序言以“(各族)人民”为主体,在百年历史的叙述中,运用“革命”、“国家”、“中国共产党”、“新民主主义革命”、“社会主义”和“人民民主专政”等关键词,以“革命”规律及革命的成功为“人民”、“中国共产党”和“国家”之间的关系制造神秘的解释。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">它陈述“革命”历程和</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“人民”的故事,建构“国家起源、现在和未来”的命题,论证人民是政治权力的唯一来源,人民主权创造国家,国家的正当性根据在于人民民主专政。“人民民主专政”国体,根据阶级划分的利益诉求,以阶级斗争为原则,要求</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“中国人民-工农兵-无产阶级专政-中国共产党-领袖(毛泽东)”的金字塔国家权力结构。中国共产党成为人民主权唯一和永远的代表,国家的过去、现在和将来都应该在中国共产党的统治下,这是中国人民生活希望的基础。于是,这种逻辑的推演成就中国共产党的神化。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">现代人民民主主义奉行的人民主权原则,和政治权力由宪法来安排的制度惯例,使得执政党必然以制定和修改宪法,作为证明其是人民主权行使者和解释政治秩序变动之正当性的根本方式。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、制宪和修宪</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">事实上,正是中国共产党凭借其对“人民主权”的解释,独占政治权力,主导</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法的制宪程序,设计将全国政治协商会议从国家权力结构中排除出去的政制制度。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn64" name=_ftnref64><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从此,执政党借助制宪来宣布其政治变动具有人民主权赋予的正当性成为政制惯例:如</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1975</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法(序言)和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1978</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法(序言)。这两部宪法(序言)肯定的政治秩序即无产阶级文化大革命,被</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法否定,回复到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法。然而,删去执政错误并肯定改革成果以巩固执政党统治地位,或承认社会共识以维系执政党统治地位,仍然需要这种虚构执政党政治权力源自人民主权的仪式;又因为对宪法稳定的期待,于是,政治秩序的变动,采取了频繁修宪而非频繁制宪的方式。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《宪法》第<SPAN lang=EN-US>64</SPAN>条规定:<SPAN lang=EN-US>“</SPAN>宪法的修改,由全国人民代表大会常务委员会或者五分之一以上的全国人民代表大会代表提议,并由全国人民代表大会以全体代表的三分之二以上的多数通过。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>但林来梵教授指出在法定程序启动之前还存在一个“作为惯例的前置性加接程序”,<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn65" name=_ftnref65><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>本文根据过去的修宪资料将该程序总结</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如下:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国共产党党代表大会(报告)决定修宪——全国人大党组向中共中央请示修宪、全国政协委员提案修宪——全国人大党组建议成立中共中央修宪小组,提交修宪报告——中共中央同意——修宪小组确定宪法修改建议稿,上报中共中央政治局常委——中共中央(政治局)通过,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">发给各省、自治区、直辖市党委,中央各部委,国家机关各部委党组(党委),军委总政治部,各人民团体党组和中央委员、中央候补委员征求意见——中共中央召开党外人士座谈会和专家座谈会,征求意见——中共中央委员会向全国人大常委会提出修宪建议——全国人大常委会决定将宪法修正案草案提请全国人大会议审议——全国人大会议通过。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><o:p> </o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">可见,宪法修改的流程被执政党通过其组织系统启动并控制,修宪原则和修宪内容由执政党确定。简言之,该程序为:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中共中央启动修宪、确定修宪内容——全国人大通过。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn66" name=_ftnref66><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种等级组织系统内自上而下的程序,将座谈会和人大审议等民主程序纳入行政控制机制中。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">该程序设计不仅仅是保证执政党的政策能够进入宪法及其修正案,更实质的是旨在利用全国人大、宪法的地位和人大审议及修宪程序的民主形式,为通过宪法及其修正案所表示的执政党政策,制造民主来源,从而巩固执政党执政地位。所以,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">修宪程序,以坚持中共领导为前提,又是由中共启动和主导,虚构人民主权的行使和人民的同意,根本目的在于宣扬和巩固中共过去、现在和未来统治的正当性。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由此可见,中国共产党支配国家的权力结构,是执政党党纲政策支配国家行为的基础。中国共产党独占制(修)宪权并主导制(修)宪程序,是其政纲政策冠以“人民主权”名义进入宪法获得正当性的途径。独占政治权力,既是执政党在意识形态上获得神圣性的要求,又是其在政治现实中推行意识形态的结果。我们知道,儒学并不解释阐述共同体最高权力的来源问题,而是由着“天命”这个武断模糊的观念来为“胜者为王,败者为寇”的暴力斗争结果给予正当性。在现代中国,“人民主权”取代了“天命”观念,“革命”规律及其成功结果,将“胜者为王,败者为寇”转换成历史规律,“制(修)宪”替代了“祭天(地)”,传统儒学与现代人民专政的相同之处在于:不是世俗的民众认同,而是仪式为这种权力的合法性提供证明。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">、第</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">条与中共中央</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">号文件</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">款,来自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">年宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">88</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">条。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn67" name=_ftnref67><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中共中央《关于我国社会主义时期宗教问题的基本观点和基本政策》的通知(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">31/3/1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件),</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn68" name=_ftnref68><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face="Times New Roman"></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过执政党独占制宪权和主导制宪程序,而成为</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">款的基础</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这份第一次公开全面阐述执政党宗教政策的文件(以下简称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件)</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">,在第四部分阐述了“宗教信仰自由权”内容:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">每个公民既有信仰宗教的自由,也有不信仰宗教的自由;有信仰这种宗教的自由,也有信仰那种宗教的自由;在同一宗教里面,有信仰这个教派的自由,也有信仰那个教派的自由;有过去不信教而现在信教的自由,也有过去信教而现在不信教的自由。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">109</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个字</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">看似丰富实则单一</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,只承认信与不信及信何宗何派的自由,却对传教、宗教出版、宗教教职、宗教场所和宗教院校自治等只字不提,恰好是宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款的注解。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该文件第四部分指出:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">社会主义的国家政权当然绝不能被用来推行某种宗教,也绝不能被用来禁止某种宗教,只要它是正常的宗教信仰和宗教活动。同时,绝不允许宗教干预国家行政、干预司法、干预学校教育和社会公共教育,绝不允许强迫任何人特别是十八岁以下少年儿童入教、出家和到寺庙学经,绝不允许恢复已被废除的宗教封建特权和宗教压迫剥削制度,绝不允许利用宗教反对党的领导和社会主义制度,破坏国家统一和国内各民族之间的团结。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款中“国家保护正常的宗教活动。任何人不得利用宗教进行…妨碍国家教育制度的活动”,就源于上述这段话。而“不得利用宗教进行<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">破坏社会秩序、损害公民身体健康…(的活动)</B>”和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法草案中原有(但后来被删除)的“不得利用宗教进行<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">反革命活动</B>”句子</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn69" name=_ftnref69><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,来自该文件第十部分“坚决打击一切在宗教外衣掩盖下的<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">违法犯罪活动</B>和<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">反革命破坏活动</B>,以及各种不属于宗教范围的、危害国家利益和人民生命财产的<B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal">迷信活动</B>”的要求。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款“宗教团体和宗教事务不受外国势力的支配”,是对该文件第十一部分下述内容的概括:“一定要坚持独立自主、自办教会的原则,坚决抵制国际宗教反动势力重新控制我国宗教的企图,坚决拒绝任何外国教会和宗教界人士插手干预我国宗教事务,绝不允许任何外国宗教组织(包括它们所控制的机构)用任何方式来我国传教,或者大量偷运和散发宗教宣传材料。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中共中央第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件,不仅通过制宪仪式进入宪法成为第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,而且通过宗教管理体制以三种形式得以执行:在各级执政党组织系统,以政党文件形式自上而下地下达要求执行;在各级行政系统,以行政内部文件形式自上而下的命令执行:如《国务院宗教事务局、公安部关于制止和处理利用基督教进行非法违法活动的通知》要求基督教书籍的印刷、出版和发行,必须经省级以上政府主管部门批准;在爱国宗教团体系统,以社团决议形式将该文件具体化:如定片、定点、定人的“三定”管理制度源于云南省基督教三自爱国运动委员会的规定。执政党组织系统、行政系统和爱国宗教团体系统之间金字塔式权力结构关系,以自上而下的命令-服从方式,来执行执政党宗教政策。宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与宗教管理体制,都由执政党创制,目的都是为实现服从国家的宗教秩序;只是创制方式不同和表现方式不同:前者借由制宪仪式表现为宪法上抽象概括的条款,后者通过政治行动表现为宗教团体政治化、行政化、单位化和单一化特征的体制结构。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)权力运作下的“依法管理宗教”</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不是宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条修正案“中华人民共和国实行依法治国,建设社会主义法治国家”,而是中共中央</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件《中共中央国务院关于进一步做好宗教工作若干问题的通知》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">5/2/1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),转换了执政党宗教政策在政治秩序中执行的表现形式。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1989</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年“六四”事件造成的政治危机为起因,教会和基督徒在东欧剧变中反极权的作用,使中共联想并“假设”国内宗教组织亦具有威胁其统治的可能。由此,奉行“稳定压倒一切”的执政党为防止“和平演变”,对宗教问题给予空前重视:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1990</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年全国宗教工作会议首次由国务院主持召开,会上讨论《中共中央国务院关于进一步做好宗教工作若干问题的通知》,会后中共总书记江泽民首次同时邀见五大宗教领导人,发表重要讲话。该通知经中共中央政治局常委会讨论后,正式下发。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn70" name=_ftnref70><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该通知虽明言继续贯彻执行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件,但反“和平演变”是其目的所在。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn71" name=_ftnref71><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此,与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件相比,管理措施更具体、强制色彩更浓厚。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件第一次提出“依法对宗教事务进行管理”。首次指出:“对宗教事务进行管理,是为了使宗教活动纳入法律、法规和政策范围”,要求政府以“法制”手段对宗教实施行政管理和监督,分为四个方面:宗教活动场所、传教办学活动、对外交往和宗教立法:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">首先要求一切宗教活动场所“依法登记”。宗教活动场所,已有的应登记,新设的须批准:依据是“法”,不登记未批准就不受法律保护。要求制止自发的传教活动,取缔未经许可的宗教院校。宗教对外交往,基本都要经过省级政府或国务院宗教局的批准、审批或通报等行政程序。明确提出“要加快宗教立法工作”,要求国务院宗教局和各省、自治区及直辖市制定法规。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">1990</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">-<SPAN lang=EN-US>1999</SPAN>年间,两项行政法规于<SPAN lang=EN-US>1994</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>31</SPAN>日由国务院同时制定发布:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《境内外国人宗教活动管理规定》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">(</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">国务院令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">144</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">和《宗教活动场所管理条例》(国务院令</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">145</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号)</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn72" name=_ftnref72><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;国务院宗教局制定四项规章:《宗教社会团体登记管理实施办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6/5/1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、《宗教活动场所登记办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">13/4/1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、《宗教活动场所年度检查办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">29/7/1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)和《宗教院校聘用外籍专业人员办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19/11/1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn73" name=_ftnref73><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">同样的十年间,在地方立法层次上,新疆等<SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN>省、自治区和直辖市制定综合性地方法规;<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn74" name=_ftnref74><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>甘肃等<SPAN lang=EN-US>7</SPAN>省、自治区制定综合性地方政府规章。<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn75" name=_ftnref75><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>单就管理宗教教职人员,新疆、河北和四川<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>个省级政府制定地方政府规章,青海省制定地方性法规;单就管理宗教活动场所,河南、青海、山东、天津<SPAN lang=EN-US>4</SPAN>省制定地方性法规,武汉、成都和昆明<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>个省会市制定地方性法规,福建、贵州、辽宁、陕西、安徽、上海、内蒙、湖南和江苏等<SPAN lang=EN-US>9</SPAN>省市制定政府规章。十年来,除北京<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn76" name=_ftnref76><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>、山西<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn77" name=_ftnref77><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A>外,<SPAN lang=EN-US>29</SPAN>个省、自治区和直辖市完成了宗教立法工作。其中<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>个省、自治区和直辖市的综合型法规、规章,采用总则、宗教团体、宗教活动、宗教活动场所、宗教教职人员、宗教教育(或院校)、宗教财产、宗教涉外事务、法律责任和附则共十章的结构安排。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中共中央政治局常委首次全体出席全国宗教工作会议,总书记江泽民首次在这类会议上发表讲话,将“依法管理宗教事务”列为新世纪宗教工作基本任务之一,指出:“</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">依法管理宗教事务的要旨,是保护合法,制止非法,抵御渗透,打击犯罪。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn78" name=_ftnref78><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">会上,时任国务院总理的朱鎔基要求“继续推进宗教法制建设,进一步把对宗教事务的管理纳入制度化、法制化的轨道。”</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn79" name=_ftnref79><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2003</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">年中共中央</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">号文件明确指出要加快《宗教事务条例》的制定。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn80" name=_ftnref80><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">于是,《宗教事务条例》在执政党宗教政策、国务院要求和地方宗教立法的基础上出台。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn81" name=_ftnref81><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">该条例的体例结构、内容安排和许可程序,基本与前述</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">省、自治区和直辖市宗教法规。规章一致。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">可见,中共要求“政府对有关宗教的法律、法规和政策的贯彻实施进行行政管理和监督”,方法是宗教政策“法制”化,使得其治理宗教的手段得以“与时俱进”地“现代化”,其控制宗教之依据的表现形式从“政策文件”变成“法规规章”:</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">从中央政府—地方政府,有组织地进行立法(包括地方人大立法和行政立法),“依法管理宗教事务”,以行政处罚或刑事处罚威吓或处置宗教团体及其信徒。上述过程显示:执政党支配国务院行政职权立法、地方人大系统的立法和政府系统的行政立法,衔接上了宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,将该“宗教信仰自由”条款对宗教的定界设限具体化,简言之,成为宗教活动的“正常”标准。因此,在这个意义上,宗教条例为宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条给宗教活动的界限创设可操作的程序标准,宗教团体的登记程序,正是其中一例而已。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(四)小结</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在宪法结构中观察第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,我们发现:宪法序言虚构了人民主权与中国共产党之间的关系,导致人民民主专政赋予中国共产党独占政治权力并支配国家的正当性。由此,执政党借着宪法第一章“总纲”来安排政制和国家任务。在这个背景下,就能恰切地理解为什么第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款选择由国家对宗教(活动)来设限定界。不仅如此,因为执政党在现代民主社会通过制宪和修宪来证明其权力来自人民主权及其政治秩序变动的正当性,执政党的宗教政策就借着这种仪式进入宪法获得宪法条文的表现形式。宗教政策,依靠党组织系统、政府及其宗教管理系统和爱国宗教团体系统来执行,只是实现的方法从凭借行政文件和命令走向依据法规规章体系,目的仍旧不变:即国家保证宗教活动的“正常”。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法序言陈述因为中国共产党</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“坚持真理”才带来民族和国家过去、现在的革命成就,所以,人民和国家未来的希望只能寄托于中国共产党的领导,证明中国共产党永远独占政治权力的正当性。虚构的历史命题在想象的意义上成为超验的,不能被证伪,这就是执政党需要控制言论的根本原因。作为“真理”提供者,执政党的政治义务是为人民各个领域的言行举止制定准则;作为“真理”接受者,中国人民的政治义务是在各个方面永远相信和服从中国共产党的统治。这种政治信仰将中国人民整合统一。因此,宪法序言在上述意义上乃是一种“信仰告白”。制宪和修宪活动及结果,已如前述,乃是执政党凭借其对政治权力的独占地位,支配制宪权和修宪权运作程序,通过设计其安排的政治秩序、删除其政治失误、添加改革成果或社会共识,旨在公告和宣传执政党代行人民主权的正当性,巩固和维系其执政地位。可以说,制宪和修宪已是一种仪式化的活动。政党-国家的权力结构和单位体制的建立,是执政党党纲政策得以贯彻到社会各个层次及个人所依赖的组织网络。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">代表着信仰教义的宪法序言、被视为仪式活动的制宪和修宪、执政党-政府-社会-个人金字塔式自上而下的组织关系,正是在宪法的广义上,构建并稳定中国的政治秩序。这种政治秩序实质是“人民宗教”。“国家保护正常的宗教活动”,符合宪法序言神化中国共产党而要求在政治共同体内的宗教(活动)服从最高政治权力代表的逻辑。正是中国共产党垄断政治权力,我们才理解:由这种政治权力衍生的制(修)宪权、立法权、行政管理职权和地方政府权力,都是为维持和巩固执政党统治地位而存在和运作,所以,宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条、立法法、宗教条例、社团条例、地方宗教立法,都旨在塑造一种宗教(秩序),能够被纳入执政党独占政治权力的政治秩序和国家结构中,使之成为政治功能的一部分,从而为建立神化中国共产党的政治秩序服务。这种政治秩序的“人民宗教”性质,决定了我国的政教关系与其说是“以政统教”,不如说是各种“制度性宗教”(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">institutional religion</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)依附于人民宗教。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn82" name=_ftnref82><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">所以,在这种政教关系模式中,宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条“宗教信仰自由条款”的内容,被“人民宗教”所决定。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是,宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条创设有利于宗教条例产生的权力安排,宗教条例为实现第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条管制宗教的目的设计具体可操作的程序,宗教管理体制则为二者衔接及二者目的实现,提供行政组织和相应结构的宗教团体。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教团体的登记,事关宗教自由和结社自由两大宪法权利。宗教团体登记制度,在社团条例和宗教条例的基础上,由七大要素构建而成:登记程序的行政许可性质、双重许可制、法人条件、格式章程、社团“单一”条款、“不得设立地域性分支机构”条款和“取缔”措施。其功能旨在保证宗教团体依附和服从行政管理系统。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教团体登记制度的运转,由宗教管理部门来具体操作。本文对“北京守望教会”案和“安徽铜陵教会”案的考察,说明登记管理的逻辑就是:宗教管理部门行使审批登记的行政许可权,要求宗教团体服从宗教管理部门和民政部门业务指导和监督管理<SPAN style="COLOR: black">,否则不予登记;“</SPAN>服从宗教管理部门和民政部门业务指导和监督管理”,对于基督教家庭教会而言,就是指必须隶属或依附“三自”教会系统。<SPAN style="COLOR: black">未登记的宗教团体,不具有合法的法律地位,不得设立宗教活动场所,不得举行宗教活动,由宗教管理部门取缔,不得存在。</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年“五月风暴”,不仅显明这一逻辑,而且宣告“对话论”彻底失败。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn83" name=_ftnref83><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">尽管宗教条例提供了行政诉讼这种司法救济方式,但因为构成登记制度基础的宗教条例和社团条例作为行政法规,乃是法官不得审查却必须适用的唯一依据,所以,行政诉讼并不能挽救寻求独立自治的宗教团体脱离登记的困境。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这种行政专权和救济无门的现状,根本原因在于以宗教团体的政治化、行政化、单位化和单一化为特征的宗教管理体制。这种宗教管理体制,决定了宗教团体登记制度的结构安排和规则设计。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与其假设最高法院能否直接援引宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条即“宗教信仰自由条款”给予宗教信徒以宪法救济,不如首先探究宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条是否与宗教条例一致。实质是授权而非限制或禁止国家管制宗教的宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款,与《立法法》对“宗教信仰自由”保护的不当或疏漏及授予国务院根据行政职权制定行政法规,三者相结合,使得政府管制宗教的权力得到宪法授权,而且政府通过行政立法管理宗教的权力脱离立法监督。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条-立法法(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">56</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条)所设计的权力安排,是国家-行政管制宗教的政制基础;宗教条例,就是该政制结构中权力运行的产物。在这个意义上,宗教条例得到宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的支持。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“‘人民民主专政’教义和实现该教义的‘阶级斗争-群众运动’的仪式,将‘人民’结合在一元化金字塔式结构的‘人民共和国’内,形成了中国延续至今的‘人民宗教’。”宪法序言对“人民民主专政”教义的表述、制宪—修宪的仪式和<SPAN style="COLOR: black">宗教团体政治化、行政化、单位化和单一化的宗教管理体制,塑造着各种制度性宗教依附于“人民宗教”的政教关系。宪法第</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条必须被置于这种政教关系中定位。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正因为执政党支配制宪—修宪程序,其</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件制定的宗教政策,才成为宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条“宗教信仰自由条款”内容的来源。正因为执政党支配政治权力的运作,其</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号文件制定的宗教政策,才能通过《立法法》、行政法规、行政规章、最高法院司法解释、地方性法规和地方政府规章的不同形式或互相组合,构成“依法管理宗教”的宗教立法体系。宗教条例,正是在这个体系中孕育产生,更是集大成者,这就是为什么政府认为它“标志着我国宗教方面的法制建设取得重大进展。”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">创立“人民宗教”之政治秩序的宪法结构,尤其是宪法序言和总纲,已经设定了社会团体尤其是宗教团体必须是依附“人民宗教”的“人民团体”。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">袁相忱先生正是在这个意义上凭灵性和直觉指出“教会不是人民团体”。社团条例与宗教条例建构的登记制度,只不过是具体落实“人民宗教”宪法精神的制度设计而已。所以,在这种意义上,登记制度与宪法及其“宗教信仰自由”条款的功能并非冲突而是合作互补:通俗地说,前者冲锋陷阵,后者羽扇伦巾。因此,宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条与宗教条例一脉相连。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教团体的法律地位,就是通向宗教自治和宗教自由的入口。国家对宗教团体法律地位的获得,是持开放多元的立场还是走限定封闭的路线,决定这个入口是否存在把关的大门。可以确定的是,宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条、宗教管理体制和宗教条例,秉承的就是限定封闭宗教自治空间的路线。并且,令人遗憾的是,我国宗教团体的登记制度,就是这个入口大门上一把积存了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">60</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年斑斑锈迹的铁锁。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是,治理者和公民们若要脱离宗教问题上的困境,就不得不思考以下三种脱困之法:如何打开这把锁?或者,如何解除这把锁?或者是,如何卸去这扇门?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21.75pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这三种方法也就是根据不同的操作难度、不同阶段、不同对象和不同功能而设定的上中下三策——</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在法律层面的改革,首先应该是不再将法人条件作为宗教团体获得合法地位的前提、撤销</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《社会团体章程示范文本》、将行政许可式的登记改为备案、废除</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">社团“单一”条款和“不得设立地域性分支机构”条款、废除</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“取缔”这种追究法律责任的方式。《行政许可法》,尤其是其第<SPAN lang=EN-US>13</SPAN>条,已经为这个层面的改革提供法律依据:因为宗教事务属于公民能够自主决定、宗教协会能够自律管理并且行政机关采用事后监督等其他行政管理方式就能解决的事项,可以不设行政许可。<A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftn84" name=_ftnref84><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">通过诉讼尤其是行政诉讼和刑事诉讼,改变行政部门以“取缔”来实施行政处罚和刑事处罚的执法方式;以在诉讼中与行政部门执法官员商谈、辩论的方式,实践公民参与,旨在提升立法体系乃至社会秩序的健康和良善。这是宗教团体与政府实现和解的中道。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">对自愿登记的宗教团体给予免税待遇,但不将未登记的宗教团体(活动)视作非法而禁止或干预其自治。给宗教团体创造一个能够在世俗社会开展宗教活动而需要的法律主体资格:立法者应该在尊重宗教团体自治及其传统的前提下,开放出宗教团体自愿选择和自主决定组织结构及其活动方式的空间。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">于是,我们相应地需要在宪法序言中承认“政教分离”原则:即任何“宗教”(团体)不得支配政治权力,但是任何宗教团体及其信徒可以也应该对政治权力的行使提出富有建设性的批评和意见;政府不得在宗教信仰上成为宗教或宗教团体间的仲裁者,但是政府可以也应该对破坏公共秩序或侵害公共利益的宗教行为进行必要得体的干预,不过前提是公共秩序或公共利益内容必须得到具体明确的限定。并且,再进一步修改宪法第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">36</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条,删除“国家保护正常的宗教活动”,设定国家义务:即国家不得制定建立或歧视宗教团体的立法或制度。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Symbol; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><SPAN style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Symbol"><FONT color=#800080 size=2>*</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本文初稿曾在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年北京“宗教与法治国际学术研讨会”上发表。感谢中福圣山文化研究所所长范亚峰先生和世界与中国研究所所长李凡先生对本文初稿的批评。正是两位先生的意见,使得我更明了如何改进文章结构、提高初稿质量。尤其是范亚峰先生对我后来的调研提供了大量的帮助,我深深感谢先生的慷慨、大度和辛苦。我工作繁忙,又不便进入图书馆,是李菁、马安娜、张颖、廖慧婷和秦静五位女士帮助我借阅写作所需的书籍资料,在此一并表示谢意。最让我感恩的是,在写作和调研期间,罗琴从家乡回京给我带来关心和鼓励,尤其是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日——她向我提出“顺服在上有权柄的”问题,使我在沉思中蓦然发觉这篇文章对我们生命和信仰所具有的深远意义。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《社会团体登记暂行办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,中央人民政府政务院第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次政务会议通过);《社会团体登记暂行办法施行细则》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,中央人民政府内务部公布)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn3 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref3" name=_ftn3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上述条例、实施办法和处理办法的出台过程,可参考赤耐主编,《当代中国的宗教工作》(上),当代中国出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p84-86</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn4 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref4" name=_ftn4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见赤耐主编,《当代中国的宗教工作》(上),同前注,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p80-84</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn5 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref5" name=_ftn5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见赵天恩、庄婉芳著:《当代中国基督教发展史(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)》,中国福音会出版,中福出版有限公司发行</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(1997)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P3-118</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn6 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref6" name=_ftn6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作为本文调查对象的“基督教家庭教会”,是指新教的家庭教会,不包括天主教的地下教会。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn7 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn7" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref7" name=_ftn7><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《中共中央关于天主教、基督教问题的指示》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19/8/1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)中的下述引文可以作为佐证:<SPAN style="COLOR: black">“在基督教、天主教內部,利用各種機會和經過有愛國心的教徒,向教徒群眾進行愛國主義的宣傳,揭露帝國主義文化侵略與間諜活動的陰郑?I導和支援其中的愛國分子,團結虔信的教徒的大多數,反對仍與帝國主義勾結的少數反動分子,有步驟地使教會擺脫帝國主義的影響及其經濟關係,把教會變為由中國人自治、自傳、自養的宗教事業。……在上述基本方針之下,我們正鼓勵基督教中有愛國心的分子吳耀宗等,簽名發表宣言,號召以逐漸脫離帝國主義的影響與經濟關係,實行自治、自傳、自養為教會今後的目標。對於這個簽名邉樱?鞯氐狞h政機關和人民團體應從旁予以適當的贊助,經過適當關係,組織有愛國心的教徒,簽名響應,並在教徒中進行宣傳。”</SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn8 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn8" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref8" name=_ftn8><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见帅峰、李建主编:《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教事务条例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">释义》,宗教文化出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 1"> </SPAN>p40</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">41</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn9 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn9" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref9" name=_ftn9><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《宗教事务条例》,中华人民共和国国务院令第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">426</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日国务院第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">57</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次常务会议通过,同年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日公布,自</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日起施行。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn10 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn10" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref10" name=_ftn10><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“依法保护公民宗教信仰自由权利”,载《人民日报》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn11 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn11" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref11" name=_ftn11><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见“国家宗教事务局政策法规司负责人就《宗教事务条例》答《中国宗教》杂志记者问”,载帅峰、李建主编:《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教事务条例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">释义》,同前注,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p205</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn12 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn12" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref12" name=_ftn12><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">傅铁山,“宗教法制建设的里程碑”,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会网,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><A href="http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/rmzxb/mzzj/200507120073.htm"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.cppcc.gov.cn/rmzxb/mzzj/200507120073.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn13 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn13" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref13" name=_ftn13><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参赵天恩、庄婉芳著:《当代中国基督教发展史(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)》,同前注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn14 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn14" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref14" name=_ftn14><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">姜时华,“保护公民权利,还是强化国家控制</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> ?——</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">评国务院</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">年《宗教事务条例》”,载公法评论网,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><A href="http://www.gongfa.com/jiangshzongjiaotiaoli.htm"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.gongfa.com/jiangshzongjiaotiaoli.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn15 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn15" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref15" name=_ftn15><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范亚峰,“家庭教会的兴起和生存困境”,载对华援助协会网,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/pubvp/2006/04/200604060139.shtml</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn16 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn16" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref16" name=_ftn16><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨俊峰,“《宗教事务条例》的美与不足”,载公法评论网,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.gongfa.com/yangjfzongjiaotiaoli.htm"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.gongfa.com/yangjfzongjiaotiaoli.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn17 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn17" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref17" name=_ftn17><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">王怡,“我对中国家庭教会登记的立场——兼谈与布什的会晤”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载观察网,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/intl/2006/05/200605132109.shtml"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://news.boxun.com/news/gb/intl/2006/05/200605132109.shtml</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn18 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn18" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref18" name=_ftn18><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"> “</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">在中国教会目前的这个特殊时期里,惟一的方法就是家庭聚会,在家中事奉主。如果想有招牌、有组织,那就走错路了,因为有招牌、有组织的,就是人民团体了;而在中国,人民团体必需要党的领导。教会若接受了党的领导,就不是基督作头了。<SPAN lang=EN-US>”</SPAN>正文引文与本脚注引文,都引自</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">李迪亚著:《活祭——主仆袁相忱传》,新加坡逐家文字布道会出版,电子版请见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><A href="http://www.chinasoul.org/wk/huoji/hj-main.htm"><FONT color=#0000ff>http://www.chinasoul.org/wk/huoji/hj-main.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">。另参袁相忱,“论教会”;江登兴,“中国城市家庭教会的传承与更兴”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载圣山网论坛—公共神学。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn19 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn19" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref19" name=_ftn19><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">袁相忱牧师生前对宗教条例颁布后的登记问题并未给予明确说法。只是刘同苏牧师关于登记的文章出来后,袁夫人梁惠珍女士曾经在采访中表态不支持登记。所以,本文根据袁相忱传记中袁牧师对教会与政治关系的言论,来判断其关于登记的立场。这种判断亦得到袁相忱梁惠珍夫妇传记作家白先生的赞同。感谢白先生热情向我提供上述信息和资料。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn20 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn20" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref20" name=_ftn20><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">范亚峰,“论人民宗教”,未刊稿。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn21 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn21" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref21" name=_ftn21><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: #333333; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">该材料来自作者本人于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2008</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">9</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">日对范亚峰先生的采访记录。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn22 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn22" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref22" name=_ftn22><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孙明义,“认识中国城市家庭教会”,载《举目》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月),第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">26</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn23 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn23" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref23" name=_ftn23><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">孙明义,“对家庭教会寻求登记的神学反思”,载《杏花》,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期(总第三期)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn24 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn24" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref24" name=_ftn24><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">刘同苏,“独立登记的意义”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载圣山网论坛—公共神学,本文下面引用与登记有关的文章电子版都可见</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1234&extra=page%3D1"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/viewthread.php?tid=1234&extra=page%3D1</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn25 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn25" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref25" name=_ftn25><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">刘同苏,“独立登记的实施”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载圣山网论坛—公共神学。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn26 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn26" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref26" name=_ftn26><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">刘同苏,“独立的登记与依附的登记”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">载圣山网论坛—公共神学。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn27 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn27" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref27" name=_ftn27><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">“前社科院研究员刘同苏牧师谈中国家庭教会登记问题“,载《基督新报》。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn28 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn28" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref28" name=_ftn28><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">江登兴,登记不止是法律问题——回应刘同苏“独立登记的实施”,载圣山网论坛—公共神学。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn29 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn29" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref29" name=_ftn29><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该材料来自作者本人于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日对江登兴先生的采访记录。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn30 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn30" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref30" name=_ftn30><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Tahoma"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">江登兴,“中国城市家庭教会的传承与更兴”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同前注。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: Tahoma; mso-hansi-font-family: Tahoma; mso-bidi-font-family: Tahoma">引文见李迪亚著:《活祭——主仆袁相忱传》,同前注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn31 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn31" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref31" name=_ftn31><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参江平主编:《法人制度论》,中国政法大学出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn32 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn32" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref32" name=_ftn32><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">佟柔,“我国民法科学在新时期的历史任务”,载《佟柔文集》,中国政法大学出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">P407</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn33 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn33" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref33" name=_ftn33><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参杨晓民、周翼虎著:《中国单位制度》,中国经济出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn34 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn34" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref34" name=_ftn34><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨凯乐,“</SPAN><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">为什么非得是‘法人’?</SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">——</FONT></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">宗教团体登记的法律分析(三)”,载普世社会科学研究网,</SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><A href="http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=824"><SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=824</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN style="FONT-WEIGHT: normal; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">。</SPAN></STRONG><STRONG><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></STRONG></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn35 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn35" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref35" name=_ftn35><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见曹志,“宗教教职人员备案程序分析”,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年重庆宗教与法治学术研讨会文上的发言。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn36" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref36" name=_ftn36><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该案例材料来自对华援助协会:“</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">安徽家庭教会被取缔,新疆出狱基督徒述说狱中虐待遭遇”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">http://127.0.0.1:8580/dm/UGGC/pUVaNNVq.Bet/puvarfr_fvgr/press_release_detail.php?id=1195<o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn37" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref37" name=_ftn37><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">《食品卫生法释义》明确指出:“所谓取缔是指卫生行政部门对未取得或伪造卫生许可证从事食品生产经营活动及涂改、出借卫生许可证的食品生产经营者采取的终止其非法经营的行政处罚。可以采取公告、没收或销毁食品及其原料、没收工具等方式”。卫生部<SPAN lang=EN-US>1996</SPAN>年的《关于在食品监督中如何理解适用和适用“取缔”问题的复函》中明确指出:“《食品卫生法》第四十条所称取缔,系指卫生行政部门对未依法取得卫生许可证或者伪造卫生许可证从事生产经营者,采取收缴、查封和公告等方式,终止其继续从事非法的食品生产经营活动的行政处罚”。但卫生部<SPAN lang=EN-US>1998</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>12</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>8</SPAN>日的《关于<SPAN lang=EN-US><</SPAN>医疗机构管理条例<SPAN lang=EN-US>></SPAN>执行中有关问题的批复》认为:“卫生行政部门对未经批准开办医疗机构或者非医师行医的违法行为进行取缔,是一种行政强制措施,不是行政处罚,不适用《行政处罚法》第<SPAN lang=EN-US>42</SPAN>条关于听证的规定。《食品卫生法》及其他卫生法律法规中涉及非法生产经营等需予以取缔的,请按照本批复执行”。《<SPAN lang=EN-US><</SPAN>建筑法<SPAN lang=EN-US>></SPAN>释义》也指出取缔为一种行政强制措施。以上资料,转引自李春来,“浅议取缔的法律属性”,载《中国质量技术监督》(<SPAN lang=EN-US>2008</SPAN>年第<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>期)。最高人民法院大法官亦认为《建筑法》第<SPAN lang=EN-US>65</SPAN>条第<SPAN lang=EN-US>3</SPAN>款中的“取缔”是一种行政强制措施。见黄赤东、梁书文主编:《建筑法及配套规定新释新解》(下),人民法院出版社(<SPAN lang=EN-US>2000</SPAN>),<SPAN lang=EN-US>p2622</SPAN>。可见,全国人大和同一个行政部门对不同法律的“取缔”存在不同的定性。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn38" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref38" name=_ftn38><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">张林:“严厉取缔反动会道门”,载《时事手册》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1950</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">期,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">p77</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">。转引自张皓、张子琴</SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">,</SPAN><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">“新中国成立前后中国共产党对帮会政策的演变”,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">载《中共贵州省委党校学报》<SPAN lang=EN-US>2004</SPAN>年第<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>期。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn39" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref39" name=_ftn39><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">郑永华,“建国初期北京取缔一贯道工作“,载《北京档案史料》</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2004</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn40" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref40" name=_ftn40><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》,〔法释</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">〕</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号,(</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="9" Month="10" Year="1999"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最高人民法院审判委员会第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1079 </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次会议、</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="8" Month="10" Year="1999"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最高人民检察院检察委员会第九届第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">47</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次会议通过,自</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="10" Year="1999"><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="10" Year="1999"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">起</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">施行。)</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn41" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref41" name=_ftn41><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn42" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref42" name=_ftn42><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="25" Month="10" Year="1999"><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US>年</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US>月</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">25</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><SPAN lang=EN-US>日</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">江泽民以主席身份接受法国《费加罗报》记者采访时称:法轮功是危害社会和人民的邪教。</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="28" Month="10" Year="2006"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,《人民日报》发表“‘法轮功’就是邪教”的特约评论员文章。</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="30" Month="10" Year="2006"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">第九届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十二次会议通过</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: #222222; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ''; mso-hansi-font-family: ''">全国人民代表大会常务委员会关于取缔邪教组织、防范和惩治邪教活动的决定》。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn43" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref43" name=_ftn43><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见新华社</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="12" Month="12" Year="2001"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电“全国宗教工作会议在京举行”。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn44" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref44" name=_ftn44><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释(二)》法释【</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">】</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">19</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">号(</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="10" Month="5" Year="2001"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最高人民法院审判委员会第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1174</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次会议、</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="29" Month="4" Year="2001"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最高人民检察院第九届第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">87</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次会议通过)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; mso-line-height-rule: exactly"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn45" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref45" name=_ftn45><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释(二)》第</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn46" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref46" name=_ftn46><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释(二)》第</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn47" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref47" name=_ftn47><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">如《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。<SPAN style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">《最高人民法院最高人民检察院关于办理组织和利用邪教组织犯罪案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释(二)》第</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn48 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn48" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref48" name=_ftn48><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">朱新力,“行政滥用职权的新定义”,载《法学研究》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn49 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn49" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref49" name=_ftn49><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">路风,“中国单位体制的起源和形成”,载《中国社会科学季刊》(香港),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">1993</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial">年<SPAN lang=EN-US>11</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>(</SPAN>总第<SPAN lang=EN-US>5 </SPAN>期<SPAN lang=EN-US>)</SPAN>。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn50 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn50" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref50" name=_ftn50><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">毛泽东,“中国人民大团结万岁”,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn51 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn51" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref51" name=_ftn51><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见赤耐主编:《当代中国的宗教工作》(上),同前注,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p72</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p110</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn52 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn52" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref52" name=_ftn52><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见《社会团体登记暂行办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1950</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,中央人民政府政务院第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次政务会议通过),尤其是第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。《社会团体登记暂行办法实行细则》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1951</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日,中央人民政府内务部),尤其是第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。载范宝俊主编:《结社立法与社团管理》,光明日报出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1989</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p119</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">123</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p123</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">127</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn53 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn53" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref53" name=_ftn53><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见赤耐主编:《当代中国的宗教工作》(上),同前注,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p84</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">86</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn54 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn54" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref54" name=_ftn54><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见赤耐主编:《当代中国的宗教工作》(上),同前注,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p353</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">354</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn55 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn55" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref55" name=_ftn55><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法序言中的“人民民主统一战线”,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法序言中被表述为“爱国统一战线”,以中国人民政治协商会议为组织形式;第四宪法修正案肯认“中国共产党领导的多党合作和政治协商制度将长期存在和发展”表明中国人民政治协商会议在我国宪法制度中发挥着政治功能。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn56 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn56" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref56" name=_ftn56><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该事实的认定来自以下调研和资料:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、直接证据:(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)中国佛教协会常务理事圆持法师,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年重庆“宗教与法治”学术研讨会上指出:中国佛教协会人员名额由政府纳入行政编制,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">104</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个编制只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">-</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">名佛教徒。</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">“中国佛教协会本部和直属的中国佛学院、金陵刻经处,国家给予的正式编制名额分别是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">45</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">名、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">49</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">名、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">名。在中国佛教协会和中国佛学院在编的干部和工作人员中,非信仰者占</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">95%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">,虽有少量僧人但都是编外人员,在编人员的工作档案关系直接归属于政府宗教管理部门。”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)重庆民族宗教事务委员会副主任洪道元先生,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年重庆“宗教与法治”学术研讨会上透露:重庆市政府每年给市级宗教团体预算办公经费</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万元,给市级宗教团体班子成员每月补助生活津贴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">400</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">元。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、间接证据(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">个文件):(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)《北京市社会团体管理的若干规定》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1986</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日中共北京市委办公厅、北京市人民政府办公厅印发)第一条“社会团体的范围”第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项:“本规定所称社会团体,不包括中央确定列入行政、事业编制的工会、共青团、妇联、青联、工商联、台胞联谊会、侨联、科协、社科联、文联和中华全国体育总会北京市分会等人民群众团体,佛教协会、天主教爱国会等宗教团体,机关、部队、企事业单位内部组织的团体。”第五条“原有社会团体的复查”第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">项:“中央确定列入行政、事业编制的人民群众团体和宗教团体,由市机构编制委员会办公室负责审核。不是中央确定而列入行政、事业编制并纳入财政预决算的社会团体,其编制和经费由市机构编制委员会和市财政局根据具体情况有区别地逐步解决。”(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)《北京市社会团体登记试行办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1986</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日中共北京市委办公厅、北京市人民政府办公厅印发)第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条;(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)《深圳市社会团体组织管理暂行办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1987</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日深圳市人民政府颁布)第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn57 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn57" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref57" name=_ftn57><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参杰弗里·萨克斯、胡永泰、杨小凯,“经济改革和宪政转轨”,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.gongfa.com/xianzhengzhuanguiyangxk.htm"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.gongfa.com/xianzhengzhuanguiyangxk.htm</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn58 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn58" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref58" name=_ftn58><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参路风,“中国单位体制的起源与形成”,同前注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn59 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn59" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref59" name=_ftn59><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨晓民、周翼虎著:《中国单位制度》,同前注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn60 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn60" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref60" name=_ftn60><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">感谢王光良先生对该表制作提供技术支持。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn61 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn61" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref61" name=_ftn61><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: Verdana"> </SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">参许安标,“《立法法》对立法权限的配置”,载《法制日报》(<SPAN lang=EN-US>4/6/2000</SPAN>);张春生主编:《中华人民共和国立法法释义》,法律出版社(<SPAN lang=EN-US>2000</SPAN>),<SPAN lang=EN-US>P169</SPAN>。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn62 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn62" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref62" name=_ftn62><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见刘小枫著:《现代性社会理论绪论》,上海三联书店(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p485-486</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn63 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn63" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref63" name=_ftn63><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">引自曹志,“北京基督徒公民观研究”第三部分“人民宗教”,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年韩国汉东大学国际法学院“宗教与法治”国际学术研讨会上的发言。感谢范亚峰先生在神学和政治学上就“人民宗教”问题的指导和帮助。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn64 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn64" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref64" name=_ftn64><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见萧北声,“制宪仪式背后的曲衷——从共同纲领到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年宪法”,载《当代中国研究》,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2003</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">期,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">p138</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/wk_wzdetails.asp?id=2249"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#0000ff>http://www.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/wk_wzdetails.asp?id=2249</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn65 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn65" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref65" name=_ftn65><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见林来梵,“互惠正义:第四次修宪的规范精神”,</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://kbs.cnki.net/forums/15111/ShowThread.aspx"><FONT color=#0000ff>http://kbs.cnki.net/forums/15111/ShowThread.aspx</FONT></A></SPAN></FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn66 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn66" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref66" name=_ftn66><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">即使如许崇德先生所言,第四次修宪不同于前三次,乃是自下而上,但我们注意到下述事实说明修宪的核心程序仍是“中共中央启动、确定修宪内容-全国人大通过”:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2003</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">14</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">日,党的十六届三中全会通过《中共中央关于修改宪法部分内容的建议》。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">日至</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体"><FONT face="Times New Roman">27</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.5pt; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体">日举行的十届全国人大常委会第六次会议,将讨论中共中央《建议》列入议程,专门听取了王兆国代表中共中央对《建议》的说明。然后,以《建议》为基础,形成了全国人大常委会关于提请审议宪法修正案(草案)的议案和宪法修正案(草案),提请十届全国人大二次会议审议。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn67 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn67" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref67" name=_ftn67><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">“我国公民有宗教信仰的自由。这是马列主义、毛泽东思想对待宗教信仰问题的一贯方针。草案恢复和发展了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: ˎ̥"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1954</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: ˎ̥; mso-hansi-font-family: ˎ̥">年宪法的有关规定,写得更加明确具体。”</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见彭真,“关于中华人民共和国宪法修改草案的说明”,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日第五届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次会议。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn68 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn68" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref68" name=_ftn68><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见国务院宗教事务局<SPAN style="COLOR: black">网站</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><A href="http://www.sara.gov.cn/"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman">www.sara.gov.cn</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn69 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn69" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref69" name=_ftn69><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见彭真,“关于中华人民共和国宪法修改草案的说明”,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1982</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">22</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日第五届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">23</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">次会议。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn70 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn70" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref70" name=_ftn70><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">赵天恩、庄婉芳著:《当代中国基督教发展史(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1949</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)》,同前注,第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">545</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">页。另见江泽民著:《保持党的宗教政策的稳定性和连续性》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),见国务院宗教事务局<SPAN style="COLOR: black">网站</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><A href="http://www.sara.gov.cn/"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman">www.sara.gov.cn</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn71 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn71" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref71" name=_ftn71><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">正如其前言所述:“实践证明,党和政府的宗教政策是正确的,宗教工作总的形势是好的。但是必须看到,境外敌对势力一直利用宗教不断对我进行渗透和破坏活动。民族分裂主义分子也利用宗教煽动骚乱闹事,攻击党的领导和社会主义制度,破坏祖国统一和民族团结。有的地方少数敌对分子活动猖獗,建立非法组织,<U>同我们争夺寺观教堂领导权</U>;有的非法开办经文学校、修院、神学院,<U>同我们争夺青少年</U>。有的寺庙恢复了被废除的宗教封建特权和压迫剥削,一些基层出现利用宗教干预国家行政、干预司法、干预学校教育的情况。”见《中共中央国务院关于进一步做好宗教工作若干问题的通知》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">—</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">),见国务院宗教事务局<SPAN style="COLOR: black">网站</SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><A href="http://www.sara.gov.cn/"><SPAN style="COLOR: black; TEXT-DECORATION: none; text-underline: none"><FONT face="Times New Roman">www.sara.gov.cn</FONT></SPAN></A></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn72 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn72" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref72" name=_ftn72><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教事务条例颁布后失效。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn73 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn73" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref73" name=_ftn73><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《宗教社会团体登记管理实施办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6/5/1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、《宗教活动场所登记办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13/4/1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)、《宗教活动场所年度检查办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29/7/1996</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)现已失效。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn74 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn74" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref74" name=_ftn74><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《新疆维吾尔自治区宗教事务管理条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">16/7/1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)《上海市宗教事务条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30/11/1995</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)《黑龙江宗教事务管理条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12/6/1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)《海南省宗教事务管理条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">26/9/1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《重庆市宗教事务条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">17/10/1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《浙江省宗教事务条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6/12/1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《吉林省宗教事务条例》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">19/12/1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《辽宁省宗教事务条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2811/1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《安徽省宗教事务条例》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">15/10/1999</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn75 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn75" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref75" name=_ftn75><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《甘肃省宗教事务管理暂行规定》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">16</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日发布施行);《西藏自治区宗教事务管理暂行办法》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1991</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日通过,同年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">20</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日发布施行);《湖北省宗教事务管理暂行规定》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29/10/1992</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《广西壮族自治区宗教事务管理暂行规定》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2/3/1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《宁夏回族自治区宗教事务管理暂行规定》(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1994</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日发布施行);《云南省宗教事务管理规定》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2/12/1997</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">);《江西省宗教事务管理办法》(通过日:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5/1/1998</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn76 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn76" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref76" name=_ftn76><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《北京市宗教事务条例》于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2002</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">18</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日公布,并于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">28</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日修正。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn77 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn77" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref77" name=_ftn77><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">《山西省宗教事务条例》于</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2005</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">7</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">29</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日公布。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn78 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn78" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref78" name=_ftn78><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见新华社</SPAN><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="12" Month="12" Year="2001"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2001</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">日</SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">电《全国宗教工作会议在京举行》。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn79 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn79" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref79" name=_ftn79><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同上注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn80 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn80" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref80" name=_ftn80><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">见叶小文为《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教事务条例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">释义》所写的序言,载帅峰、李建主编,《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">宗教事务条例</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">释义》,同前注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn81 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn81" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref81" name=_ftn81><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">同上注。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
<DIV id=ftn82 style="mso-element: footnote">
<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn82" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref82" name=_ftn82><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨庆堃先生分析中国社会中宗教的“制度性宗教”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(institutional religion)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">与“分散性宗教”</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(diffused religion)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">二分法,对本文定位我国政教关系启发甚大。参杨庆堃著:《中国社会中的宗教——宗教的现代社会功能与其历史因素之研究》,范丽珠等译,世纪出版集团</SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">上海人民出版社(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2007</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn83" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref83" name=_ftn83><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">杨圣山,“谁是家庭教会的敌人和朋友——评</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">月中国家庭教会受逼迫系列事件”,载对华援助协会网站。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn84" href="http://www.shengshan.org.cn/bbs/post.php?action=edit&fid=2&tid=1499&pid=1761&page=1&extra=page%3D1#_ftnref84" name=_ftn84><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"><FONT color=#800080></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT size=2><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">参北京市东方公益法律援助律师事务所,“关于请求对《社会团体登记管理条例》第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款、第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">6</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">款和第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">9</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">条的规定进行合法性审查的建议书”,载中国公益法网,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://www.dfpilaw.org/show_news.asp?id=1169&classid=5&boardid=23"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#800080>http://www.dfpilaw.org/show_news.asp?id=1169&classid=5&boardid=23</FONT></A></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。该建议书明确要求国务院尽快修改社团条例,废除“成立社会团体,应当经其业务主管单位审查同意”的相关规定。</SPAN></FONT></P></DIV></DIV>
[ 本帖最后由 曹志 于 2008-11-6 14:53 编辑 ]
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