公民结社自由问题研讨会
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 200%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体"><STRONG>《背景与分析第171期 》 </STRONG></SPAN>2008-11-25 16:37:49</B></P><BR><BR><P style="TEXT-ALIGN: center" align=center><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体">史雪莲 </SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2008</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>年</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">11</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>月</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">12</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>日下午</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">15</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">00</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>——</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">17</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>,世界与中国研究所邀请了相关学者和律师共十余人就“公民结社自由问题”召开了一个小型研讨会。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??><FONT size=3>会议的主要讨论内容包括如下几点:</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>、对现时中国</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">NGO</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>现状的介绍:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)官方数据是已经注册登记</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">48</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>万民间组织,另外包括在城市社区备案的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>万社区民间组织和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>万左右的农村专业协会。与会人员对这一官方统计数据均表示质疑,大家认为,社会中实际存在的各类民间组织,包括登记注册和非登记注册的,数量上将近官方统计的十倍。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)各类</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">NGO</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>和政府现在的关系,用北京师范大学刘培峰副教授的话来说,是:“</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">30</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt?>年的民间组织管理,就像动画片《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">TOM</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt?>和</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: black; mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">JERRY</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New mso-bidi-font-size: 9.0pt?>的游戏》中所描写的情形,多年以来,故事曲折,猫和老鼠共同上演了这场大戏,其乐融融,共同推动了中国社会的发展。</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>”</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>世界与中国研究所李凡所长认为,从政治学的视角看国家与社会的关系,国家与社会的力量博弈就是一个零和游戏,社会力量的主要体现之一就是社会组织的大量形成,当社会逐渐变强,用个形象的比喻来说,当社会力量占到</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>的份额时,国家出台相关的政策就要相当的参考社会的意见。现在的情况是,我们的社会正在逐渐的变强,离这个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">10%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>的标准已经不远了,所以下一步,关于公民结社自由这一块,国家在政策上怎么改进,是大家都值得思考的一个问题。另外,李凡所长还简单介绍了台湾社会现在对于公民结社权的管理办法。比如说,台湾的一些学者想成立一个关于大陆与台湾两岸交流的研究协会,他们只需要具备如下一些条件——至少一名专职人员、一定的资金、固定的办公场地、一定的参与人数等,就能在将申请材料寄到台湾内政部一个星期以后得到答复。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??><FONT size=3>律师们的看法是:国家宪法规定了公民享有结社自由的权利,广义的来看什么是结社,各种研究机构、行业协会、工作室、服务性的组织、公益慈善性的组织、学校社团、宗教类的、甚至是政治性的组织等等,只要不违反我们国家宪法的规定,公民都有权利去成立这样的组织,甚至包括现在个人成立一个网站、开通一个博客等也是一种结社,但实际的政策执行中,却对社会组织采取严格的双重管制,实际表明,这种双重管理体制已经严重的不适应现在社会的发展。所以政府需要放开对社会组织的管理。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>、关于走向公民结社自由路径的建议:</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)就司法路径来看,放开有关行政诉讼的受案范围;</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)就行政路径来看,允许地方政府放开管制,可以搞一些试点,比如说北京、上海、东部沿海等发达省市,允许在区县一级范围对社会组织和民办非企业单位的登记完全放开;中部等经济较发达地区,允许地市一级放开管理;西部等一些地区,从省级层面来放开管理;另外,民政部成立民间组织协调办公室,成员不仅包括相关官员,还要吸收相关的学者、法律专家、国内外观察家加入,统一协调相关事宜,研究相关政策;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)借鉴当年对公司管理的改革措施,对不同类型的民间组织采取不同的管理方法,比如说,社会志愿、服务型的组织,慈善性质的团体,学术研究性质的组织等,采取完全放开的态度,只要达到一定的要求就可以登记成立;或者是采取排除原则,明确规定出哪些类型的组织成立要求审批,而对不属于这些范围的民间组织,一律采取放开的态度;</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">3</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)由公安部、政法委、司法部联合,研究如何对民间组织实行治理模式的转变,从原来的行政管控型转变为社会自主管理型;</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">4</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)立法方面,建议全国人大制定一部新的《民间组织法》,废除现有的《社团管理登记条例》;</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 10.5pt"><FONT size=3><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">5</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: " Times Roman?; mso-hansi-font-family: ?Times New Roman??>)促进民间组织的联合,加强民间组织自身能力的建设。</SPAN></FONT></P></SPAN>
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